Table 2 Characteristics of studies on older people from black and minority ethnic groups (BME)
Number | Author(s) | Country | Study design | Participant population group (oldest old, BME, deprived area)and age | Potential facilitators | Potential barriers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[28] | Arean, P. A. et al. 2003 | United States | Quantitative, quasi-experimental comparative study | BME(African American, Latino) ≥65 years | Ethnical and cultural aspects, community connections, recruitment and maintenance strategy | Poor recruitment and engagement strategy |
[42] | Bynum, S. A. et al. 2012 | United States | Quantitative, structured interviews | BME(African American, Hispanic) ≥50 years | None | Lack of confidence, lack of knowledge |
[30] | Carlson, M. et al. 2014 | United States | Quantitative, descriptive study embedded in RCT | BME(African American, Hispanic) 60–95 years | Ethnical and cultural aspects, community connections, social support, providing transportation | Other priorities |
[27] | Coleman, E.A. et al. 1997 | United States | Qualitative, descriptive study on recruitment methods | BME (African American) ‘older people’ - age not specified | Community connections, incentives, recruitment and maintenance strategy | Poor recruitment and engagement strategy |
[25] | Dyall, L. et al. 2013 | New Zealand | Quantitative, structured quesionnaires, descriptive study on recruitment methods | Oldest oldand BME (Māori), ≥85 years | Trust, ethnical and cultural aspects, benefits to participant’s family, community connections, recruitment and maintenance strategy | Poor health, other priorities, poor recruitment and engagement strategy |
[32] | Ellish, N. J. et al. 2009 | United States | Quantitative, descriptive study on recruitment methods | BME(African American) ≥65 years | Community connections, familiar location | Poor recruitment and engagement strategy |
[38] | Holland, C.A. et al. 2008 | England | Mixed methods, questionnaire survey and telephone interviews | BME (Indian, African-Caribbean) ≥50 years | Incentives, social support, familiar location | Poor health, poor recruitment and engagement strategy, lack of transportation |
[37] | Horne, M. et al. 2013 | England | Qualitative, focus groups | BME (Indian, Pakistani) 60–70 years | Social support | Poor health, lack of transportation, feeling too old, lack of motivation, cultural and language barriers, lack of confidence |
[29] | MacEntee, M.I. et al. 2002 | United States | Qualitative, descriptive study on recruitment methods | BME(Vietnamese, Spanish, Cantonese-speaking, Punjabi-speaking) 60–75 years | Community connections, recruitment and maintenance strategy | Cultural and language barriers |
[41] | Manthorpe, J. et al. 2009 | England | Qualitative, focus groups | BME (Asian, Black, Mixed, Other) ‘older people’ - age not specified | None | Cultural and language barriers |
[40] | Martinez, I.L. et al. 2009 | United States | Qualitative, focus groups | Deprived area and BME (African American), 61–89 years | None | Lack of transportation, too tired, costs |
[36] | Mathews, A. et al. 2010 | United States | Qualitative, focus groups | BME (African Americans, American Indians,Latinos, Chinese, Vietnamese) 50–90 years | Benefits to the individual, social support | Poor health, other priorities, lack of transportation, costs, feeling too old, lack of confidence, lack of knowledge |
[39] | Prohaska, T.R. et al. 2000 | United States | Qualitative, structured interviews | BME (African American) ≥55 years | Social support | Other priorities, lack of motivation |
[31] | Stineman, M.G. et al. 2010 | United States | Quantitative, randomised controlled trial | BME (African American) ≥65 years | Community connections, social support, providing transportation | Poor health |
[33] | Sullivan-Marx, E.M. et al. 2011 | United States | Qualitative, descriptive study and structured questionnaires | BME (African American) ‘older people’ - age not specified | Trust, benefits to participant’s family, recruitment and maintenance strategy, providing transportation | Poor health, other priorities, lack of motivation |
[34] | Walcott-McQuigg, J.A. & Prohaska, T.R. 2001 | United States | Qualitative, focus groups | BME (African American) ≥55 years | Benefits to the individual, incentives, social support, providing transportation | Other priorities, lack of motivation |
[35] | Wilcox, S. et al. 2005 | United States | Qualitative, focus groups | BME (African American) 67.5 +/−9.2 years | Benefits to the individual | Lack of transportation, too tired, costs, feeling too old, lack of motivation, lack of confidence, lack of knowledge |
[43] | Williams, M.P. 1996 | United States | Qualitative, focus groups and individual interviews | BME (African American) ≥55 years | Incentives, familiar location, recruitment and maintenance strategy | None |