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Table 4 Paternal BMI before pregnancy in association with physical activity and fitness among adolescents. Mean differences (95% CI) of physical activity (METh/week) and cardiorespiratory fitness (ml·kg−1·min−1) in adolescents whose fathers were underweight, overweight, or obese at the beginning of the pregnancy compared with offspring of normal weight fathers

From: Prenatal determinants of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescence – Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 study

 

Model

BMI category (kg/m2)

 

< 20

20–25

25–30

> 30

 

Underweight

Normal weight

Overweight

Obese

Physical activity (METh/week)

 

N = 235

N = 3600

N = 1619

N = 163

1

−1.5 (−3.7;0.7)

Mean 31.1 (SD 16.8)

−1.2 (−2.2;-0.2)*

−2.2 (−4.8;0.4)

2

−1.4 (−3.6;0.7)

 

−1.0 (−2.0;-0.1)*

−1.9 (−4.5;0.7)

3a

−1.4 (−3.6;0.8)

 

−1.0 (−2.0;0.0)*

−1.9 (−4.5;0.7)

3b

−1.5 (−3.6;0.7)

 

−1.0 (−1.9;0.0)

−1.5 (−4.0;1.1)

3c

−1.1 (−3.3;1.1)

 

−1.1 (−2.0;-0.1)*

−1.5 (−4.1;1.1)

Cardiorespiratory fitness (ml·kg−1·min-1)

 

N = 165

N = 2517

N = 1141

N = 108

1

1.1 (−0.2;2.3)

Mean 42.8 (SD 10.7)

−0.7 (−1.3;-0.2)*

−1.9 (−3.4;-0.4)*

2

1.1 (−0.2;2.3)

 

−0.7 (−1.2;-0.1)*

−1.8 (−3.3;-0.3)*

3a

1.0 (−0.3;2.3)

 

−0.6 (−1.1;0.0)

−1.5 (−3.0;0.0)

3b

1.1 (−0.2;2.3)

 

−0.6 (−1.2;-0.1)*

−1.7 (−3.2;-0.15)*

3c

0.6 (−0.6;1.8)

 

0.0 (−0.5;0.5)

−0.4 (−1.8;1.1)

  1. Multiple linear regression models are adjusted for:
  2. Model 1: sex
  3. Model 2: sex, parental education
  4. Model 3a: Model 2 + length of gestation, maternal GDM, maternal hypertension, BMI of the mother at the beginning of pregnancy, smoking of the mother during pregnancy
  5. Model 3b: Model 2 + physical activity of mother and father at the offspring age 16
  6. Model 3c: Model 2 + subject’s BMI, age, pubertal stage and smoking, and season of the year at study
  7. P values are for mean difference between risk factor groups and controls: * < 0.05. Categorical covariates are dummy-coded, with a separate dummy variable for missing values