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Table 4 Association between women social support factors and experiencing repeated episodes of IPV during pregnancy (n = 1,116, if no any other indication)

From: Social support and intimate partner violence during pregnancy among women attending antenatal care in Moshi Municipality, Northern Tanzania

Variable

No. of women (% of total)

Repeated episodes of violencea (prevalence in %)

OR (95%CI)

Model 1b Adj. OR (95% CI)

Model 2c Adj. OR (95% CI)

Talking to family

Talks to family of origin

     

 At least once a week

575 (51.1)

180 (31.3)

1.0

  

 At least once a month

340 (30.5)

71 (20.9)

0.46 (0.31 – 0.68)

0.55 (0.38 – 0.80)

0.41 (0.23 – 0.73)

 Once a year or never

201 (18.0)

73 (36.3)

0.80 (0.57 – 1.12)

-

 

Talks to family of the partner

 At least once a week

522 (46.8)

155 (29.7)

1.0

  

 At least once a month

349 (31.3)

80 (22.9)

0.52 (0.36 – 0.75)

0.80 (0.55 – 1.15)

-

 Once a year or never

245 (22.0)

89 (36.3)

0.74 (0.54 – 1.02)

-

 

Perceived support from the family

Expects support from family of origin

 Yes

943 (84.4)

245 (26.0)

1.0

  

 No

173 (15.5)

78 (45.1)

2.34 (1.67 – 3.26)

2.14 (1.38 – 3.31)

2.14 (1.23 – 3.74)

Expects support from family of the partner

 Yes

292 (26.2)

212 (25.7)

1.0

 

-

 No

824 (73.8)

112 (38.4)

1.80 (1.35 – 2.38)

1.47 (1.02 – 2.13)

1.12 (0.74 – 1.68)

Group support

Attends association or organization

 Yes

160 (14.3)

54 (33.8)

1.0

-

-

 No

956 (85.7)

270 (28.2)

1.29 (0.91 – 1.85)

  

Practical support

Has someone who cares that she gets enough foodd

 Yes

888 (79.8)

248 (27.9)

1.0

  

 No

225 (20.2)

76 (33.8)

1.32 (0.96 – 1.80)

-

-

Has someone to help on daily tasksd

 Yes

649 (58.3)

192 (29.6)

1.0

  

 No

464 (41.7)

132 (28.4)

0.95 (0.73 – 1.23)

-

-

Has someone to support during ANC visitsd

 Yes

871 (78.3)

239 (27.4)

1.0

  

 No

242 (21.7)

85 (35.1)

1.43 (1.06 – 1.94)

0.94 (0.60 – 1.48)

-

Has someone to help her financially when in needd

 Yes

1037 (93.2)

279 (26.9)

1.0

  

 No

76 (6.8)

45 (59.2)

3.94 (2.45 – 6.36)

3.52 (2.16 – 5.74)

3.21 (1.69 – 6.11)

Emotional support

Has someone to share thoughts and worries withd

 Yes

1037 (93.3)

287 (27.7)

1.0

  

 No

75 (6.7)

37 (49.3)

2.54 (1.59 – 4.08)

1.08 (0.39 – 2.98)

-

Has someone to help in difficult decisionsd

 Yes

1036 (93.1)

290 (28.0)

1.0

  

 No

77 (6.9)

34 (44.2)

2.03 (1.27 – 3.25)

0.99 (0.35 – 2.78)

-

Has someone she can always trustd

 Yes

1049 (94.2)

296 (28.2)

1.0

  

 No

64 (5.7)

28 (43.8)

1.98 (1.19 – 3.30)

1.31 (0.46 – 3.79)

-

  1. a Experienced two or more episodes of abuse during the current pregnancy
  2. bModel 1 includes all factors with p value of <0.05 in the crude results
  3. cModel 2 includes additional adjustment for maternal age, level of education, occupation, unplanned pregnancy, any history of adverse pregnancy outcome and any alcohol consumption during pregnancy
  4. dNumbers do not add up to the total because of missing values