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Table 3 Cardiovascular risk factor levels according to level of education in the cohort and within sibships

From: The educational gradient in cardiovascular risk factors: impact of shared family factors in 228,346 Norwegian siblings

Education

Cohort

Within sibships

Difference

Cohort

Within sibships

Difference

Years

βCohort (95% CI)

βWithin sibships (95% CI)

βΔ (95% CI)

%

βCohort (95% CI)

βWithin sibships (95% CI)

βΔ (95% CI)

%

ᅟ

 

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

7–9

3.6 (3.2, 3.9)

2.5 (2.0, 2.9)

  

2.1 (1.9, 2.3)

1.4 (1.1, 1.7)

  

10–11

2.3 (2.0, 2.6)

1.6 (1.2, 2.0)

  

1.2 (1.0, 1.4)

0.8 (0.5, 1.0)

  

12

1.6 (1.3, 1.9)

1.0 (0.6, 1.4)

  

0.7 (0.5, 0.9)

0.4 (0.1, 0.7)

  

13–16

0.2 (-0.1, 0.5)

-0.0 (-0.4, 0.4)

  

0.1 (-0.1, 0.3)

-0.0 (-0.3, 0.2)

  

>16

0

0

  

0

0

  

Per lower level

1.0 (0.9, 1.0)

0.7 (0.6, 0.8)

0.3 (0.2, 0.3)

-27

0.6 (0.5, 0.6)

0.4 (0.4, 0.5)

0.2 (0.1, 0.2)

-30

 

Total cholesterol, (mmol/l)

Heart rate (beats/min)

7–9

0.38 (0.36, 0.41)

0.24 (0.22, 0.28)

  

5.4 (5.1, 5.6)

4.2 (3.8, 4.6)

  

10–11

0.26 (0.24, 0.28)

0.19 (0.16, 0.22)

  

3.6 (3.3, 3.9)

2.9 (2.6, 3.3)

  

12

0.20 (0.18, 0.22)

0.13 (0.10, 0.16)

  

2.6 (2.3, 2.9)

2.2 (1.8, 2.5)

  

13–16

0.07 (0.05, 0.09)

0.04 (0.02, 0.07)

  

1.2 (0.9, 1.5)

0.9 (0.5, 1.3)

  

>16

0

0

  

0

0

  

Per lower level

0.10 (0.09, 0.10)

0.07 (0.06, 0.07)

0.03 (0.03, 0.04)

-32

1.3 (1.3, 1.4)

1.0 (1.0, 1.1)

0.3 (0.2, 0.3)

-21

 

Body mass index, (kg/m2)

Height (cm)

7–9

1.14 (1.06, 1.21)

0.61 (0.51, 0.72)

  

-2.1 (-2.2, -1.9)

-1.0 (-1.2, -0.9)

  

10–11

0.88 (0.80, 0.95)

0.49 (0.39, 0.59)

  

-1.5 (-1.6, -1.4)

-0.8 (-1.0, -0.7)

  

12

0.77 (0.69, 0.84)

0.45 (0.35, 0.55)

  

-1.3 (-1.4, -1.2)

-0.7 (-0.8, -0.6)

  

13–16

0.31 (0.23, 0.38)

0.11 (0.02, 0.21)

  

-0.7 (-0.8, -0.6)

-0.4 (-0.5, -0.3)

  

>16

0

0

  

0

0

  

Per lower level

0.27 (0.25, 0.28)

0.15 (0.13, 0.17)

0.12 (0.10, 0.13)

-43

-0.4 (-0.5, -0.4)

-0.2 (-0.2, -0.2)

-0.2 (-0.2, -0.2)

52

 

Smoking status and pack years (category)

SCORE (percentage points)

7–9

1.30 (1.27, 1.34)

0.91 (0.86, 0.95)

  

0.31 (0.30, 0.32)

0.23 (0.22, 0.25)

  

10–11

0.96 (0.93, 0.99)

0.71 (0.67, 0.75)

  

0.24 (0.23, 0.25)

0.20 (0.18, 0.21)

  

12

0.81 (0.78, 0.84)

0.58 (0.53, 0.62)

  

0.20 (0.19, 0.21)

0.16 (0.15, 0.18)

  

13–16

0.34 (0.31, 0.37)

0.25 (0.21, 0.29)

  

0.13 (0.12, 0.14)

0.12 (0.10, 0.13)

  

>16

0

0

  

0

0

  

Per lower level

0.31 (0.30, 0.31)

0.22 (0.21, 0.22)

0.09 (0.09, 0.10)

-30

0.06 (0.06, 0.07)

0.05 (0.04, 0.05)

0.02 (0.02, 0.02)

-30

  1. β is the beta regression coefficient. 95% CI is 95% confidence interval. βΔ = βCohort – βWithin sibships. % = ((βCohort – βWithin sibships) / βCohort)*100. Educational levels 1–5: (1) up to 7–9 years; (2) 10–11 years; (3) 12 years (4) 13–16 years; (5) >16 years. Smoking status and pack years categories 1–5: (1) never smoker, (2) past smoker and <20 pack-years, (3) past smoker and >20 pack-years, (4) current smoker and <20 pack-years, (5) current smoker and >20 pack-years). SCORE is the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation risk prediction score of 10-year cardiovascular mortality. All analyses are adjusted for age at examination and examination year, both centred on median, and for sex. Analyses of blood pressure are adjusted for current antihypertensive treatment. The Hausman specification tests for difference between the cohort and within sibships effect estimates was significant p < 0.001 for all cardiovascular risk factors
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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