Table 4 Risk factors for smoking and heavy drinking incidence

 Urban

15/145 = 10.3%

2.65 (1.03–6.81)

2.75 (1.03–7.34)

5/155–3.2%

1.48 (0.51–4.25)

1.27 (0.39–4.11)

 Migrant

15/475 = 3.2%

Ref

Ref

10/463 = 2.2%

Ref

Ref

 Rural

9/158 = 5.7%

1.90 (0.76–4.74)

1.57 (0.61–4.05)

6/153 = 3.9%

1.50 (0.55–4.05)

1.14 (0.40–3.27)

 Female

9/444 = 2.0%

Ref

Ref

2/446 = 0.4%

Ref

Ref

 Male

30/334 = 9.0%

3.93 (1.66–9.30)

4.43 (1.64–11.99)

19/325 = 5.8%

12.99 (3.05–55.41)

12.25 (3.06–49.03)

  < 50 years

28/448 = 6.3%

Ref

Ref

14/441 = 3.2%

Ref

Ref

  ≥ 50 years

11/330 = 3.3%

0.45 (0.18–1.10)

0.53 (0.19–1.45)

7/330 = 2.1%

0.67 (0.27–1.64)

0.75 (0.27–2.03)

 None or some primary education

6/265 = 2.3%

Ref

Ref

4/261 = 1.5%

Ref

Ref

 Complete primary education

7/116 = 6.0%

4.20 (1.26–14.06)

2.72 (0.68–10.85)

3/115 = 2.6%

1.77 (0.40–7.79)

0.87 (0.16–4.65)

 At least some secondary education

26/396 = 6.6%

2.78 (0.92–8.33)

1.36 (0.33–5.57)

14/393 = 3.6%

2.47 (0.82–7.42)

0.92 (0.25–3.36)

 Lowest

10/340 = 2.9%

Ref

Ref

5/336 = 1.5%

Ref

Ref

 Middle

12/187 = 6.4%

1.38 (0.50–3.81)

0.97 (0.32–2.97)

7/191 = 3.7%

2.56 (0.82–7.94)

2.29 (0.55–9.62)

 Highest

17/251 = 6.8%

1.67 (0.69–4.03)

1.44 (0.56–3.70)

9/244 = 3.7%

2.51 (0.85–7.40)

3.00 (0.78–11.53)

Positive mental health (continuous variable)

1.14 (0.90–1.43)

0.98 (0.76–1.25)

1.11 (0.87–1.40)

0.88 (0.65–1.19)