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Table 3 Factors associated with lifetime smoking, current smoking, and heavy drinking

From: Smoking and heavy drinking patterns in rural, urban and rural-to-urban migrants: the PERU MIGRANT Study

Variables

Lifetime smoking

Current smoking

Heavy drinking

Crude PR (95% CI)

AdjustedaPR (95% CI)

Crude PR (95% CI)

Adjusteda PR (95% CI)

Crude PR (95% CI)

Adjusteda PR (95% CI)

Study group

 Urban

2.36 (1.77–3.14)

2.29 (1.64–3.20)

2.36 (1.50–3.72)

2.29 (1.26–4.16)

1.08 (0.63–1.83)

0.91 (0.49–1.68)

 Migrant

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Rural

0.50 (0.28–0.88)

0.55 (0.31–0.99)

0.66 (0.31–1.39)

0.60 (0.27–1.33)

1.41 (0.88–2.27)

1.19 (0.71–2.00)

Sex

 Female

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Male

6.04 (3.99–9.16)

6.05 (3.78–9.69)

6.39 (3.41–11.97)

7.08 (3.35–14.95)

6.92 (3.81–12.57)

6.53 (3.41–12.47)

Age

  < 50 years

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  ≥ 50 years

1.15 (0.87–1.54)

1.24 (0.91–1.68)

0.83 (0.53–1.29)

1.00 (0.61–1.63)

0.57 (0.37–0.89)

0.55 (0.35–0.88)

Education level

 None or some primary education

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Complete primary education

2.12 (1.18–3.82)

1.33 (0.70–2.55)

2.83 (1.22–6.57)

1.38 (0.58–3.26)

1.27 (0.66–2.45)

0.74 (0.37–1.48)

At least some secondary education

3.68 (2.34–5.79)

1.53 (0.87–2.69)

3.77 (1.88–7.53)

0.98 (0.44–2.19)

1.54 (0.95–2.48)

0.77 (0.44–1.33)

Assets index

 Lowest

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Middle

1.83 (1.24–2.70)

1.26 (0.83–1.90)

1.62 (0.89–2.95)

1.17 (0.60–2.29)

1.09 (0.64–1.86)

1.02 (0.59–1.78)

 Highest

2.14 (1.51–3.05)

1.48 (1.02–2.16)

2.23 (1.32–3.75)

1.58 (0.88–2.85)

1.44 (0.91–2.27)

1.16 (0.72–1.87)

Positive mental health (continuous variable)

1.15 (1.03–1.28)

0.95 (0.87–1.04)

1.22 (1.02–1.46)

1.02 (0.86–1.22)

1.16 (0.99–1.36)

1.06 (0.91–1.25)

  1. aAdjusted by all the variables listed in the table
  2. Bold numbers indicate significant associations, p < 0.05
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BMC Public Health

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