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Table 4 Past-year gambling participation and harms among males by age in 2011 and 2015 (% ± CI)

From: Attitudes towards gambling, gambling participation, and gambling-related harm: cross-sectional Finnish population studies in 2011 and 2015

 

15–17

18–24

25–34

35–44

45–54

55–64

65–74

2011

(n = 75)

2015

(n = 82)

2011

(n = 233)

2015

(n = 227)

2011

(n = 252)

2015

(n = 306)

2011

(n = 253)

2015

(n = 368)

2011

(n = 369)

2015

(n = 415)

2011

(n = 512)

2015

(n = 480)

2011

(n = 423)

2015

(n = 427)

Gambling frequency

 No gambling

40.0 ± 11.1

52.3 ± 10.8

18.7 ± 5.0

11.5 ± 4.2

11.5 ± 3.9

11.0 ± 3.5

13.9 ± 4.3

10.2 ± 3.1

14.0 ± 3.5

11.0 ± 3.0

17.5 ± 3.3

15.9 ± 3.3

24.8 ± 4.1

21.4 ± 3.9

 Less than monthly

12.5 ± 7.5

18.6 ± 8.4

16.0 ± 4.7

16.7 ± 4.9

17.8 ± 4.7

20.4 ± 4.5

14.8 ± 4.4

20.2 ± 4.1

15.1 ± 3.7

16.4 ± 3.6

11.6 ± 2.8

12.0 ± 2.9

12.4 ± 3.1

10.6 ± 2.9

 1-3 times/month

11.3 ± 7.2

20.9 ± 8.8

33.5 ± 6.1

39.8 ± 6.4

30.5 ± 5.7

34.7 ± 5.3

26.5 ± 5.5

30.9 ± 4.7

17.8 ± 3.9

27.9 ± 4.3

17.5 ± 3.3

16.6 ± 3.3

12.0 ± 3.1

17.0 ± 3.6

 Once a week

20.0 ± 9.1

7.0 ± 5.5

20.2 ± 5.2

19.3 ± 5.1

26.7 ± 5.5

24.2 ± 4.8

29.7 ± 5.6

29.6 ± 4.7

36.1 ± 4.9

33.5 ± 4.5

38.4 ± 4.2

37.1 ± 4.3

38.0 ± 4.63

34.9 ± 4.5

 Several times a week

16.3 ± 8.4

1.2 ± 2.4

11.7 ± 4.1

12.6 ± 4.3

13.5 ± 4.2

9.7 ± 3.3

15.1 ± 4.4

9.1±

17.0 ± 3.8

11.3 ± 3.1

15.0 ± 3.1

18.4 ± 3.5

12.8 ± 3.2

16.1 ± 3.5

Significance

X 2 = 21. 221, df = 4, p ≤ .001, ϕ = .358

X 2 = 6.109, df = 4, p = .191, ϕ = .108

X 2 = 4.396, df = 4, p = .355, ϕ = .078

X 2 = 10.922, df = 4, p = .027, ϕ = .127

X 2 = 14.845, df = 4, p = .005, ϕ = .140

X 2 = 1.996, df = 4, p = .736, ϕ = .049

X 2 = 4.874, df = 4, p = .300, ϕ = .092

 No gambling

 

.122

 

.028

 

.906

 

.156

 

.579

 

.363

 

.066

 Less than monthly

 

.292

 

.906

 

.395

 

.070

 

.691

 

.915

 

.505

 1-3 times/month

 

.098

 

.148

 

.234

 

.204

 

≤.001

 

.783

 

.121

 Once a week

 

.021

 

.827

 

.442

 

1.000

 

.447

 

.722

 

.427

 Several times a week

 

p ≤ .001

 

.790

 

.129

 

.018

 

.028

 

.197

 

.339

Online gambling

              

 Yes

12.7

5.9

29.8

33.1

47.1

48.2

36.2

40.7

26.9

32.5

13.6

21.9

8.5

10.8

Significance

p = .239, ϕ = − .119

p = .448, ϕ = .035

p = .821, ϕ = .011

p = .235, ϕ = .046

p = .109, ϕ = .061

p = .003, ϕ = .107

p = .385, ϕ = .039

Gambling harmsa

 No gambling

40.0 ± 11.1

52.9 ± 10.8

18.7 ± 5.0

11.5 ± 4.2

11.5 ± 3.9

11.0 ± 3.5

13.8 ± 4.3

10.2 ± 3.1

14.0 ± 3.5

11.0 ± 3.0

17.4 ± 3.3

15.9 ± 3.3

24.8 ± 4.1

21.4 ± 3.9

 No harms

21.0 ± 9.2

30.6 ± 10.0

33.5 ± 6.1

42.2 ± 6.4

54.2 ± 6.2

50.7 ± 5.6

63.0 ± 6.0

60.8 ± 5.0

60.9 ± 5.0

65.4 ± 4.6

61.2 ± 4.2

60.4 ± 2.4

60.3 ± 4.7

63.6 ± 4.6

 One harm

12.5 ± 7.5

4.7 ± 4.6

24.9 ± 5.6

23.8 ± 5.5

15.5 ± 4.5

19.4 ± 4.4

11.9 ± 4.0

15.6 ± 3.7

13.0 ± 3.4

15.1 ± 3.4

14.0 ± 3.0

14.7 ± 3.2

10.2 ± 2.9

7.3 ± 2.5

 ≥2 harms

26.3 ± 10.0

10.6 ± 6.7

23.0 ± 5.4

22.2 ± 5.4

18.9 ± 4.8

18.8 ± 4.4

11.3 ± 3.9

13.3 ± 3.5

11.9 ± 3.3

8.5 ± 2.7

7.6 ± 2.3

8.8 ± 2.5

5.1 ± 2.1

7.3 ± 2.5

Significance

X 2 = 11.359, df = 3, p = .010, ϕ = .263

X 2 = 7.317, df = 3, p = .062, ϕ = .118

X 2 = 2.034, df = 3, p = .565, ϕ = .053

X 2 = 4.077, df = 3, p = .253, ϕ = .077

X 2 = 4.780, df = 3, p = .189, ϕ = .079

X 2 = 0.732, df = 3, p = .866, ϕ = .030

X 2 = 3.378, df = 3, p = .337, ϕ = .077

 No gambling

 

.122

 

.028

 

.906

 

.156

 

.579

 

.364

 

.072

 No harms

 

.215

 

.039

 

.371

 

.580

 

.229

 

.832

 

.431

 One harm

 

.095

 

.839

 

.171

 

.183

 

.406

 

.844

 

.227

 ≥2 harms

 

.014

 

.917

 

1.000

 

.484

 

.120

 

.615

 

.387

  1. Data in 2011 (n = 2117, non-weighted) and 2015 (n = 2305, non-weighted); Significance (p) between time is determined by Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests for weighted data based on gender, age and region of residence; Estimate of effect size (ϕ = phi coefficient/Cramer’s V); aHarms measured using 16 items from the South Oaks Gambling Screen and the Problem Gambling Severity Index; CI, 95% confidence intervals
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