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Table 1 Female and male attitudes towards gambling by age in 2011 and 2015

From: Attitudes towards gambling, gambling participation, and gambling-related harm: cross-sectional Finnish population studies in 2011 and 2015

 

Females

Males

2011

Mean (95% CI)

2015

Mean (95% CI)

F(df)

[p; η 2]

2011

Mean (95% CI)

2015

Mean (95% CI)

F(df)

[p; η 2]

All

21.44

(21.18–21.69)

22.93

(22.71–23.16)

73.99(1, 3978)

[.001; .018]

23.97

(23.72–24.23)

25.22

(24.99–25.45)

50.81(1, 4029)

[.001; .012]

Age

 15–17 years

20.87 (19.66–22.08)

21.32 (20.32–22.33)

0.33(1, 164)

[.564; .000]

23.53 (22.07–24.98)

23.32 (22.14–24.50)

0.05(1, 154)

[.824; .000]

 18–24 years

21.74 (21.06–22.43)

22.55 (21.95–23.16)

3.07(1, 458)

[.081; .007]

24.30 (23.64–24.95)

25.86 (25.23–26.49)

11.47(1, 514)

[.001; .021]

 25–34 years

22.67 (22.07–23.27)

24.28 (23.74–24.82)

15.54 (1, 664)

[≤.001; .023]

25.38 (24.79–25.97)

26.40 (25.86–26.93)

6.25(1, 674)

[.013; .009]

 35–44 years

21.38 (20.75–22.01)

23.53 (22.92–24.15)

22.57 (1, 631)

[≤.001; .035]

24.52 (23.91–25.13)

25.82 (25.27–26.36)

9.68(1, 652)

[.002; .014]

 45–54 years

21.85 (21.24–22.47)

23.30 (22.73–23.87)

11.42 (1, 678)

[.001; .017]

24.38 (23.82–24.94)

25.21 (24.65–25.77)

4.13(1, 718)

[.042; .006]

 55–64 years

20.70 (20.13–21.28)

22.41 (21.90–22.93)

19.02 (1, 789)

[≤.001; .024]

22.56 (21.98–23.15)

24.77 (24.22–25.32)

28.83 (1, 773)

[≤.001; .035]

 65–74 years

20.05 (19.32–20.78)

22.02 (21.48–22.55)

17.94 (1, 578)

[≤.001; .030]

22.44 (21.67–23.21)

23.85 (23.26–24.44)

8.06(1, 530)

[.005; .015]

  1. A one-way between-subject ANOVA (F-test) design for weighted data based on gender, age and region of residence; data in 2011 (n = 2367 females and n = 2117 males, non-weighted) and 2015 (n = 2210 females and n = 2305 males, non-weighted); 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals. Estimate of effect size (η 2 = eta-squared); The sum of 8 Attitudes Towards Gambling (ATGS-8) items (a Likert scale: 1 = “strongly agree”, 2 = “agree”, 3 = “neither agree or disagree”, 4 = “disagree” and 5 = “strongly disagree”, 4 reversed items) forms a total ATGS-8 score (range 8–40) < where a score of 24 represents the overall neutral attitude towards gambling, while scores above 24 indicate favourable and those below 24 unfavourable attitudes