The impact of out-of-pocket payments for dental care on household finances in low and middle income countries

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishment by type of health services in 40 low and middle income countries

Type of health services	% use	CHE^a	Impoverisment^a
Dental care	7.0	1.88 [1.78-1.99]***	1.88 [1.78-1.99]***
Inpatient care	4.2	3.93 [3.70-4.17]***	3.24 [2.99-3.53]***
Outpatient care	14.1	3.11 [3.01-3.31]***	2.57 [2.47-2.73]***
Traditional medicine	6.1	1.82 [1.72-1.92]***	1.81 [1.67-1.96]***
Medications or drugs	42.7	4.13 [3.97-4.28]***	3.49 [3.29-3.70]***
Health care products	3.5	1.88 [1.75-2.02]***	1.76 [1.56-1.95]***
Medical tests	6.3	3.80 [3.62-3.99]***	2.88 [2.68-3.09]***
Other health services	4.1	1.92 [1.80-2.05]***	1.53 [1.38-1.69]***

^aModels included all services listed in the table plus all individual-level (sex, age, marital status, education, household wealth, household size, have child <5 years, have adult >60 years, urban/rural status and insurance status) and country-level factors (GDP per capita, Gini index, out-of-pocket health expenditure) as explanatory variables
***p<0.001

ISSN: 1471-2458