Table 1 Characteristics of the mothers in 2004 and 2015 Birth Cohort Studies. Pelotas, Brazil

Age (years)

n = 4242

n = 4128

 12 –19

848

19.0 (17.9 –20.2)

620

15.0 (14.0 –16.1)

 20 –29

2224

49.8 (48.2 –51.2)

1950

47.3 (45.7 –48.8)

 30 –39

1251

28.0 (26.7 –29.3)

1434

34.7 (33.3 –36.2)

 40 –47

146

3.2 (2.8 –3.9)

124

3.0 (2.5 –3.6)

Skin Color

n = 4192

n = 4122

 White

2581

61.6 (60.1 –63.0)

2895

70.2 (68.8 –71.6)

 Non-white

1611

38.4 (37.0 –39.9)

1227

29.8 (28.4 –31.2)

Schooling (years)

n = 4202

n = 4127

 0 –4

658

15.7 (14.6 –16.8)

390

9.5 (8.6 –10.4)

 5 –8

1740

41.4 (39.9 –42.9)

1082

26.2 (24.9 –27.6)

 9 –11

1385

33.0 (31.5 –34.4)

1415

34.3 (32.9 –35.7)

  > =12

419

9.9 (9.1 –10.9)

1240

30.0 (28.7 –31.5)

Marital status

n = 4244

n = 4128

 Living with a partner

3542

83.5 (82.3 –84.5)

3524

85.4 (84.3 –86.4)

 Living without a partner

702

16.5 (15.5 –17.7)

604

14.6 (13.6 –15.7)

Employement during pregnancy

n = 4243

n = 4128

 Yes

1700

40.1 (38.6 –41.5)

2270

55.0 (53.5 –56.5)

 No

2543

59.9 (58.5 –61.4)

1858

45.0 (43.5 –46.5)

Pre-pregnancy BMI (Kg/m²)

n = 2887

n = 4005

  < 18.5

213

7.4 (6.5 –8.4)

155

3.9 (3.3 –4.5)

 18.5 –24.9

1836

63.6 (61.8 –65.3)

1928

48.1 (46.6 –49.7)

 25.0 –29.9

581

20.1 (18.7 –21.6)

1096

27.4 (26.0 –28.8)

  > =30

257

8.9 (7.9 –10.0)

826

20.6 (19.4 –21.9)

Parity

n = 4243

n = 4127

 1 (primiparae)

1673

39.4 (38.0 –40.9)

2047

49.6 (48.1 –51.1)

 2

1105

26.1 (24.7 –27.4)

1274

30.9 (29.5 –32.3)

 3 or more

1465

34.5 (33.1 –36.0)

806

19.5 (18.3 –20.8)

Smoking during pregnancy^a

n = 4244

n = 4126

 Yes

1172

27.6 (26.3 –29.0)

701

17.0 (15.9 –18.2)

 No

3072

72.4 (71.0 –73.7)

3425

83.0 (81.8 –84.1)

Gestational diabetes mellitus^b

n = 4241

n = 4125

 Yes

126

3.0 (2.5 –3.5)

353

8.6 (7.7 –9.5)

 No

4115

97.0 (96.5 –97.5)

3772

91.4 (90.5 –92.3)

Gestational hypertension^b

n = 4236

n = 4126

 Yes

1006

23.7 (22.5 –25.1)

1055

25.6 (24.3 –26.9)

 No

3230

76.3 (74.9 –77.5)

3071

74.4 (73.1 –75.7)

Physical activity counselling during prenatal care

n = 4155

n = 4029

 Yes

2999

72.2 (70.8 –73.5)

2471

61.3 (59.8 –62.8)

 No

1156

27.8 (26.5 –29.2)

1558

38.7 (37.2 –40.2)