White rice intake and incidence of type-2 diabetes: analysis of two prospective cohort studies from Iran

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) of type 2 diabetes mellitus according to different categories of white rice intake in Golestan Cohort Study (GCS) and Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), (2004–2007)

	N. Eligible participants	N. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	Crude OR (95% CI)	P for trend	Age and sex adjusted OR (95% CI)	P for trend	Fully-adjusted OR (95% CI)	P for trend	Fully-adjusted OR plus Body Mass Index (95% CI)	P for trend
GCS*
Quartiles of White Rice Intake
≤ 71.1 g/day	2,267	223	1	0.14	1	0.02	1	0.42	1	0.54
71.2-120 g/day	2,679	235	0.88 (0.72, 1.06)		0.90 (0.75, 1.10)		0.89 (0.73, 1.08)		0.85 (0.69, 1.04)
120.1-210 g/day	1,990	196	1.00 (0.82, 1.22)		1.07 (0.87, 1.32)		0.94 (0.76, 1.17)		0.84 (0.68, 1.06)
> 210 g/day	2,393	248	1.11 (0.92, 1.34)		1.22 (1.01, 1.48)		1.05 (0.85, 1.30)		0.90 (0.73, 1.12)
TLGS†
Categories of White Rice Intake
< 250 g/day	876	33	1	0.63	1	0.09	1	0.05	1	0.03
250 g/day	778	25	0.84 (0.50, 1.45)		0.94 (0.55, 1.61)		1.01 (0.58, 1.75)		1.08 (0.61, 1.92)
> 250 g/day	519	23	1.18 (0.68, 2.04)		1.78 (1.00, 3.17)		2.08 (1.10, 3.91)		2.28 (1.19, 4.37)

* Models were adjusted for age categories (below 45, 45–49, 50–54, 55–59, 60 and above), sex (female, male), race/ethnicity (Turkmen, non-Turkmen), wealth score (low, low-medium, medium or high), education (illiterate, primary school, middle school or higher) marital status (single, married), employment status (employed, unemployed), opium (yes, no), alcohol (yes, no), occupational physical activity (mild, moderate, intense), smoking (never, former, current, ever hookah, nass or pipe user), quartiles of daily meat intake (g/d; ≤45, 45.1-69.8, 69.9-102.8, >102.8) and quartiles of daily calorie intake (kcal/d; ≤1840.8, 1840.9-2189.5, 2189.6-2552.4, >2552.4). † Models were adjusted for age categories (below 30, 30–39, 40–9, 50–59, 60 and above), sex (female, male), family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (yes/no), education (no high school diploma, high school diploma, some university training), marital status (single, married), employment status (employed, unemployed), total physical activity (metabolic equivalent task hours per day categorized as light, moderate, intense), smoking (never, former, current), quartiles of daily meat intake (g/d; ≤32.3, 32.3-50.6, 50.7-76.8, >76.8) and quartiles of daily calorie intake (kcal/d; <1765.1, 1765.1-2237.3, 2237.4-2830.1, >2830.1)

ISSN: 1471-2458