Table 2 Baseline Characteristics of Participants by Categories of White Rice Intake (g/day) in Phase III, Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2004–2006)
|  |  | <250 (n = 876) | 250 (n = 778) | >250 (n = 519) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median rice intake, g/day | 125 | 250 | 390 | Â | |
Diabetes Mellitus diagnosed at phase IV, N (%)a | |||||
| Â | No | 843 (96.3) | 753 (96.8) | 496 (95.6) | 0.524 |
| Â | Yes | 33 (3.7) | 25 (3.2) | 23 (4.4) | |
Age Categories, N (%) | |||||
| Â | Below 30 | 198 (22.6) | 203 (26.1) | 197 (38.0) | <0.001 |
|  | 30–39 | 208 (23.7) | 211 (27.1) | 136 (26.2) | |
|  | 40–49 | 228 (26.0) | 175 (22.5) | 107 (20.6) | |
|  | 50–59 | 148 (16.9) | 111 (14.3) | 52 (10.0) | |
| Â | 60 and above | 94 (10.7) | 78 (10) | 27 (5.2) | |
Female, N (%) | 564 (64.4) | 441 (56.7) | 192 (37.0) | <0.001 | |
Education, N (%) | |||||
| Â | High School or lower | 264 (30.1) | 226 (29.1) | 118 (22.7) | 0.042 |
| Â | High School Diploma | 393 (44.9) | 349 (44.9) | 250 (48.2) | |
| Â | Above High School Diploma | 219 (25.0) | 203 (26.1) | 151 (29.1) | |
Married, N (%) | 689 (78.7) | 588 (75.6) | 364 (70.1) | 0.002 | |
Currently working, N (%) | 350 (40.0) | 356 (45.8) | 325 (62.6) | <0.001 | |
Tobacco, N (%) | |||||
| Â | Never Smoker | 668 (76.3) | 552 (71.0) | 323 (62.2) | <0.001 |
| Â | Former Smoker | 49 (5.6) | 55 (7.1) | 41 (7.9) | |
| Â | Current Smoker | 159 (18.2) | 170 (21.9) | 155 (29.9) | |
Total Physical Activity, N (%) | |||||
| Â | Light | 322 (36.8) | 317 (40.8) | 227 (43.7) | 0.005 |
| Â | Moderate | 217 (24.8) | 142 (18.3) | 107 (20.6) | |
| Â | Vigorous | 337 (38.5) | 319 (41.0) | 185 (35.7) | |
Family History of Diabetes, N (%) | 166 (19.0) | 146 (18.8) | 101 (19.5) | 0.951 | |
Anthropometric Indices | |||||
 Body mass index (BMI) Categories at Baseline, N (%) | |||||
|  | Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 9 (1.0) | 11 (1.4) | 3 (0.6) | <0.001 |
|  | Normal (20 ≤ BMI < 25) | 225 (25.7) | 218 (28.0) | 171 (33.0) | |
|  | Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) | 348 (39.7) | 347 (44.6) | 222 (42.8) | |
|  | Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 294 (33.6) | 202 (26.0) | 123 (23.7) | |
Waist circumference, Mean (SD) | |||||
Men | Â | 95.2 (11.1) | 93.8 (10.8) | 94.1 (10.8) | 0.101 |
Women | Â | 86.3 (13.0) | 84.7 (13.3) | 83.7 (14.0) | 0.015 |
Food and Nutrient Intake | |||||
Mean (SD) Carbohydrate Intake, g/day | 290.6 (126.9) | 351.9 (180.8) | 448.8 (252.7) | <0.001 | |
Mean (SD) Meat Intake, g/day | 57.3 (6.3) | 62.3 (52.5) | 72.5 (63.8) | <0.001 | |
Mean (SD) Calorie Intake, kCal/day | 2072.7 (822.4) | 2446.1 (1077.9) | 2963.5 (1298.7) | <0.001 | |