Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants According to Quartiles of White Rice Intake in Re-measurement Sub-cohort, Golestan Cohort Study (2004–2007)
|  | ≤71.1 (n = 2267) | 71.2–120 (n = 2679) | 120.1–210 (n = 1990) | >210 (n = 2393) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median rice intake, g/day | 51.4 | 107.1 | 171.4 | 257.1 | Â | |
Diabetes Mellitus diagnosed during re-measurement study, N (%)a | ||||||
| Â | No | 2027 (90.1) | 2434 (91.2) | 1784 (90.1) | 2035 (89.1) | 0.114 |
| Â | Yes | 223 (9.9) | 235 (8.8) | 196 (9.9) | 248 (10.2) | |
Age Categories, N (%) | ||||||
| Â | Below 45 | 433 (19.1) | 637 (23.8) | 461 (23.2) | 554 (24.2) | <0.001 |
|  | 45–49 | 540 (23.8) | 664 (24.8) | 557 (28.0) | 632 (27.6) | |
|  | 50–54 | 467 (20.6) | 541 (20.2) | 417 (20.9) | 463 (20.2) | |
|  | 55–59 | 375 (16.5) | 400 (14.9) | 274 (13.8) | 336 (14.7) | |
| Â | 60 and above | 452 (19.9) | 437 (16.3) | 281 (14.1) | 308 (13.4) | |
Female, N (%) | 1420 (62.6) | 1575 (58.8) | 903 (45.4) | 856 (37.3) | <0.001 | |
Turkmen, N (%) | 1504 (66.3) | 2160 (80.6) | 1521 (76.4) | 1919 (83.7) | <0.001 | |
Rural, N (%) | 1892 (83.5) | 2208 (82.4) | 1475 (74.2) | 1718 (74.9) | <0.001 | |
Wealth score, N (%) | ||||||
| Â | Low | 815 (36.0) | 667 (24.9) | 390 (19.6) | 380 (16.6) | <0.001 |
| Â | Low-Medium | 583 (25.7) | 546 (20.4) | 362 (18.2) | 328 (14.3) | |
| Â | Medium-High | 515 (22.7) | 778 (29.0) | 533 (26.8) | 601 (26.2) | |
| Â | High | 354 (15.6) | 688 (25.7) | 705 (35.4) | 984 (42.9) | |
Education, N (%) | ||||||
| Â | Illiterate | 1809 (79.8) | 1887 (70.4) | 1134 (57.0) | 1167 (50.9) | <0.001 |
| Â | Primary School | 303 (13.4) | 467 (17.4) | 428 (21.5) | 542 (23.6) | |
| Â | Middle School or Higher | 155 (6.8) | 325 (12.1) | 428 (21.5) | 584 (25.5) | |
Married, N (%) | 1945 (85.8) | 2403 (89.7) | 1849 (92.9) | 2197 (95.8) | <0.001 | |
Currently working, N (%) | 1974 (87.1) | 2407 (89.8) | 1812 (91.1) | 2109 (92.0) | <0.001 | |
Tobacco, N (%) | ||||||
| Â | Never Smoker | 1823 (80.4) | 2177 (81.3) | 1545 (77.6) | 1731 (75.5) | <0.001 |
| Â | Former Smoker | 116 (5.1) | 159 (5.9) | 148 (7.4) | 181 (7.9) | |
| Â | Current Smoker | 223 (9.9) | 246 (9.2) | 228 (11.5) | 322 (14.0) | |
| Â | Ever-hookah, nass or pipe userb | 105 (4.6) | 97 (3.6) | 69 (3.5) | 59 (2.6) | |
Regular Alcohol Consumption, N (%) | 48 (2.1) | 87 (3.3) | 103 (5.2) | 131 (5.7) | <0.001 | |
Opium Use, N (%) | 360 (15.9) | 360 (13.4) | 269 (13.5) | 320 (14.0) | 0.006 | |
Physical Activity, N (%) | ||||||
| Â | Mild | 1443 (63.6) | 1623 (60.6) | 1043 (52.4) | 1115 (48.6) | <0.001 |
| Â | Moderate | 528 (23.3) | 741 (27.6) | 695 (34.9) | 852 (37.2) | |
| Â | Intense | 296 (13.1) | 315 (11.8) | 252 (12.7) | 326 (14.2) | |
Hypertension, N (%) | 947 (41.8) | 1059 (39.5) | 751 (37.7) | 853 (37.2) | 0.007 | |
Anthropometric Indices | ||||||
 Body mass index (BMI) Categories, N (%) | ||||||
|  | Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 137 (6.0) | 97 (3.6) | 53 (2.7) | 43 (1.9) | <0.001 |
|  | Normal (20 ≤ BMI < 25) | 944 (41.6) | 989 (36.9) | 643 (32.8) | 693 (29.8) |  |
|  | Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) | 702 (31.0) | 927 (34.6) | 732 (37.4) | 918 (39.5) |  |
|  | Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 484 (21.4) | 666 (24.9) | 532 (27.1) | 669 (28.8) |  |
Waist circumference, Mean (SD) | ||||||
 Men |  | 90.7 (12.7) | 93.0 (12.8) | 95.7 (12.8) | 98.3 (12.6) | <0.001 |
 Women |  | 93.98 (14.2) | 95.83 (14.1) | 97.35 (13.0) | 98.53 (13.0) | <0.001 |
Food and Nutrient Intake | ||||||
 Mean (SD) Carbohydrate Intake, g/day | 291.5 (98.6) | 308.4 (91.8) | 329.2 (90.8) | 346.7 (99.1) | <0.001 | |
 Mean (SD) Meat Intake, g/day | 72.1 (56.0) | 76.4 (52.4) | 81.9 (51.3) | 93.7 (58.5) | <0.001 | |
 Mean (SD) Calorie Intake, kCal/day | 2024.8 (603.7) | 2168.4 (569.1) | 2307.7 (565.5) | 2456.3 (620.4) | <0.001 | |