One size doesn’t fit all: cross-sectional associations between neighborhood walkability, crime and physical activity depends on age and sex of residents

Table 1 Individual- and neighborhood-level characteristics by age (<65 versus 65+ years) and sex, means (SD) presented for continuous variables and percentages presented for categorical variables

	Women <65 years	Women 65 years+	Men <65 years	Men 65 years+	Total
	N = 413	N = 197	N = 124	N = 57	N = 791
Individual-level characteristics
Outcome
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (minutes/day)^a - mean (SD)	5.0 (10.0)	1.2 (4.9)	14.8 (21.8)	3.0 (14.0)	5.9 (17.4)
Socioeconomics
Age (years) - mean (SD)	46.6 (11.7)	74.6 (6.7)	50.4 (11.5)	73.5 (6.9)	56.1 (16.3)
Household annual income (per $1000) - mean (SD)	11.6 (13.4)	14.8 (11.5)	16.4 (14.2)	14.9 (12.3)	13.4 (13.1)
Education some college/bachelors versus less than college - %	46.9	37.6	51.2	31.6	44.1
Married or living with partner versus living alone - %	25.1	11.7	23.2	17.5	20.9
Mobility
Any physical limitation walking 1 block - %	22.2	41.6	23.2	40.4	28.5
Car owner or access to a car - %	58.9	50.3	64.0	49.1	56.9
Neighborhood-level characteristics
Crimes in 2012^b- mean (SD)	317 (150)	344 (181)	338 (178)	328 (159)	328 (163)
Percent green space^c - mean (SD)	3.3 (2.4)	3.9 (4.2)	2.9 (1.8)	3.8 (4.1)	3.4 (3.0)
Walkability index^d - mean (SD)	8.0 (2.0)	8.3 (1.9)	7.7 (1.7)	8.2 (1.6)	8.0 (2.0)

^a Average time moderately-to-vigorously physically active based on 4–7 days of accelerometry data and a bout of at least 10 min of activity above the 100 mg threshold [41], where at least 80% of the bout was above the threshold of 100 mg
^b Counts of crimes in 2012 within 1 km network buffer of residence obtained from Pittsburgh Police Department
^c Percent green space defined by percent of area with green space within 1 km network buffer of residence
^d The walkability index [48] was composed of the following items: traffic signs at the intersection (4 points), pedestrian crossings (2 points), sidewalks (10 points), lighting (2 points), transit (2 points), and missed use (2 points). Items were summed for each street segment and the average of the summed items across the street segments constituted the walkability index. The index ranges from 0 to 22

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