Table 1 Everyday Discrimination Scale (Short) [17–19]

Consisting of 5 items, the scale assessed frequencies of different day-to-day mistreatment; with a Cronbach alpha of 0.77. Participants were asked to rate the frequency of the following items:

1. You are treated with less courtesy or respect than other people.

2. You receive poorer service than other people at restaurants or stores.

3. People act as if they think you are not smart.

4. People act as if they are afraid of you.

5. You are threatened or harassed.

Responses were rated into: never, less than once a year, a few times a year, a few times a month, at least once a week and multiple times a week