Table 3 The association of risk factors and metabolic syndrome

Age (years)

<0.001

<0.001

 20–29

1

1

1

1

 30–39

2.8 (2.2–3.7)

2.6 (1.9–3.4)

<0.001

2.1 (1.56–2.72)

1.9 (1.5–2.5)

<0.001

 40–49

5.4 (4.25–6.85)

5.3 (4.1–6.7)

<0.001

5.0 (3.8–6.5)

3.9 (3.0–5.0)

<0.001

 50–59

7.2 (5.7–9.0)

8.5 (6.7–10.9)

<0.001

11.1 (8.6–14.4)

7.2 (5.5–9.3)

<0.001

 60–69

8.7 (6.7–10.8)

13.4 (10.3–17.4)

<0.001

25.7 (19.7–33.6)

14.2 (10.8–18.8)

<0.001

 70 and over

6.8 (5.3–8.70)

12.0 (9.2–15.8)

<0.001

35.0 (26.9–45.6)

20.5 (15.4–27.4)

<0.001

Obesity (BMI ≥ 25)

5.4 (4.9–6.0)

6.7 (5.9–7.5)

<0.001

7.6 (6.9–8.3)

7.3 (6.6–8.2)

<0.001

Current alcohol drinking

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

1.2 (1.1–1.4)

<0.001

–

–

–

Current smoking

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

1.2 (1.1–1.3)

0.001

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

–

–

Vitamin D deficiency

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

1.1 (1.0–1.3)

0.059

0.52 (0.5–0.6)

–

–

Education

<0.001

 Elementary school

1

–

–

1

1

 Middle school

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

–

–

0.43 (0.4–-0.5)

0.7 (0.6–0.9)

<0.001

 High school

0.6 (0.5–0.7)

–

–

0.17 (0.16–0.19)

0.67 (0.57–0.79)

<0.001

 College and over

0.6 (0.5–0.7)

–

–

0.07 (0.06–0.08)

0.5 (0.4–0.6)

<0.001

Income (Quartile)

–

–

–

<0.001

 Q1 _lowest

1

–

–

1

1

 Q2 _{medium-lowest}

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

–

–

0.42 (0.4–0.5)

0.90 (0.8–1.1)

0.221

 Q3 _{Medium highest}

0.9 (0.7–1.0)

–

–

0.29 (0.26–0.33)

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

0.024

 Q4 _highest

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

–

–

0.22 (0.2–0.3)

0.8 (0.6–0.9)

<0.001

Adjusted R²

<0.001

<0.001