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Table 3 Demographic and clinical characteristics of children with clinical pneumonia, by outcome (N = 3,632)

From: Epidemiology and risk factors for pneumonia severity and mortality in Bangladeshi children <5 years of age before 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction

Characteristic

Total

N = 3632

n (%)

Died

N = 63

n (%)

Survived

N = 3569

n (%)

P-value

Female gender

1289 (35.5)

29 (46.0)

1260 (35.3)

0.08

Age

<0.001

 2–5 months

1168 (32.2)

34 (54.0)

1134 (31.8)

 6–11 months

998 (27.5)

17 (27.0)

981 (27.5)

 12–59 months

1466 (40.4)

12 (19.0)

1454 (40.7)

Weight for age

<0.001

 Normal weight for age

2511 (69.1)

17 (27.0)

2494 (69.9)

 Low weight for age

1117 (30.8)

46 (73.0)

1071 (30.0)

 Unknown

4 (0.1)

0 (0)

4 (0.1)

Number of family members in household

<0.001

 2–4

1578 (43.4)

23 (36.5)

1555 (43.6)

  ≥ 5

2046 (56.3)

38 (60.3)

2008 (56.3)

 Unknown

8 (0.2)

2 (3.2)

6 (0.2)

Drinking sourcea

<0.001

 Safe water

3334 (91.8)

51 (81.0)

3283 (92.0)

 Unsafe water

295 (8.1)

11 (17.5)

284 (8.0)

 Unknown

3 (0.1)

1 (1.6)

2 (0.1)

Latrine typeb

<0.001

 Hygienic

2107 (58.0)

29 (46.0)

2078 (58.2)

 Not hygienic

1522 (41.9)

33 (52.4)

1489 (41.7)

 Unknown

3 (0.1)

1 (1.6)

2 (0.1)

Father’s educationc

<0.001

 None

450 (12.4)

16 (25.4)

434 (12.2)

 Some primary

170 (4.7)

4 (6.3)

166 (4.7)

 Some secondary

1605 (44.2)

30 (47.6)

1575 (44.1)

 Higher than secondary

1401 (38.6)

12 (19.0)

1389 (38.9)

 Unknown

6 (0.2)

1 (1.6)

5 (0.1)

Mother’s educationc

<0.001

 None

300 (8.3)

9 (14.3)

291 (8.2)

 Some primary

211 (5.8)

8 (12.7)

203 (5.7)

 Some secondary

2199 (60.5)

37 (58.7)

2162 (60.6)

 Higher than secondary

916 (25.2)

7 (11.1)

909 (25.5)

 Unknown

6 (0.2)

2 (3.2)

4 (0.1)

Supplemental oxygen use during hospitalization

2180 (60.0)

60 (95.2)

2120 (59.4)

<0.001

Severityd

<0.001

 Mild pneumonia

1403 (38.6)

11 (17.5)

1392 (39.0)

 Severe pneumonia

2229 (61.4)

52 (82.5)

2177 (61.0)

Number of co-morbid conditionse

<0.001

 0

3426 (94.3)

46 (73.0)

3380 (94.7)

 1+

206 (5.7)

17 (27.0)

189 (5.3)

Pentavalent vaccination status up-to-date for agef (N = 3,429; 58 dead, 3371 alive)

0.001

 None

198 (5.5)

9 (15.5)

189 (5.6)

 Partially vaccinated

740 (20.6)

20 (34.5)

720 (21.4)

 Fully vaccinated

2448 (68.3)

27 (46.6)

2,421 (71.8)

 Unknown

43 (1.2)

2 (3.6)

41 (1.2)

  1. Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding
  2. aSafe water sources include piped water (boiled) and tube well or deep rube well. Unsafe water sources include piped water (not boiled), surface water (e.g., pond, tank, lake, river, streams), and other sources not specified
  3. bHygienic latrines include septic tank/modern toilet and pit latrine (water sealed). Unhygienic latrines include pit latrine (not sealed), open or hanging latrine, and bush or field
  4. cEducation categories were defined as the following: some primary (1–4 years), some secondary (5–9 years), some higher than secondary (10 years or more)
  5. dSeverity definitions: 1) Pneumonia: history of coughing or difficulty breathing and age-specific tachypnea without any of the following signs, including inability to drink or breastfeed, vomiting with a final discharge diagnosis code for pneumonia or severe pneumonia, convulsions, prostration/lethargy, chest indrawing, or stridor in a calm child); 2) Severe pneumonia: history of coughing or difficulty breathing and ≥1 of the aforementioned signs. Because the sign, “vomiting everything” was not specifically captured in the abstraction form, we included children with a history of vomiting who also had a final hospitalization diagnosis of pneumonia or severe pneumonia to improve specificity for this sign
  6. eCo-morbid conditions: congenital heart disease, thalassemia, nephrotic syndrome, Down’s syndrome, protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and tuberculosis
  7. fVaccination status for pentavalent vaccines was collected from parents by verbal report. To be included, the child had to be age-eligible for the vaccine
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BMC Public Health

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