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Table 5 Multivariable regression analyses of the socioeconomic determinants and health risk behaviours for females

From: Prevalence and determinants of diabetes among older adults in Ghana

Characteristics

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

AOR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

Age

 50–59 years

1

1

1

1

 60–69 years

1.84 (0.93–3.66)

2.08 (1.01–4.31)*

1.75 (0.85–3.62)

1.81 (0.85–3.85)

 70 years and above

1.63 (0.86–3.07)

2.09 (1.07–4.08)*

1.56 (0.75–3.22)

1.83 (0.88–3.80)

Residence

 Rural

1

1

1

1

 Urban

2.74 (1.62–4.63)*

1.95 (1.03–3.70)*

1.47 (0.77–2.80)

1.07 (0.56–2.05)

Education Level

 No schooling

 

1

1

1

 Primary School /Less

 

1.11 (0.56–2.19)

0.96 (0.46–1.97)

0.90 (0.45–1.82)

 Secondary /High

 

1.89 (0.81–4.41)

1.84 (0.79–4.26)

1.55 (0.63–3.81)

 University

 

1.48 (0.37–5.97)

1.34 (0.33–5.48)

1.23 (0.32–4.70)

Wealth

 1 (Lowest)

 

1

1

1

 2

 

0.44 (0.17–1.12)

0.39 (0.15–1.01)

0.33 (0.12–0.91)*

 3

 

0.76 (0.35–1.66)

0.57 (0.25–1.28)

0.55 (0.23–1.29)

 4

 

1.44 (0.65–3.17)

1.21 (0.52–2.81)

1.07 (0.43–2.67)

 5 (Highest)

 

1.34 (0.58–3.10)

1.02 (0.44–2.39)

0.87 (0.33–2.30)

Physical Activity

 High

  

1

1

 Moderate

  

2.79 (1.34–5.78)*

3.20 (1.53–6.69)*

 Low

  

2.17 (1.25–3.76)*

2.11 (1.21–3.69)*

Alcohol

 Non Drinkers

  

1

1

 Daily Drinkers

  

0.18 (0.04–0.81)*

0.18 (0.04–0.82)*

 Occasional Drinkers

  

1.05 (0.58–1.88)

0.97 (0.52–1.83)

 Former Drinkers

  

1.55 (0.75–3.20)

1.68 (0.78–3.61)

Fruits/Vegetables Intake

 Adequate

  

1

1

 Inadequate

  

0.95 (0.55–1.65)

0.98 (0.54–1.79)

Smoking

 Never Smoker

  

1

1

 Daily/Not Daily

  

1.70 (0.37–7.84)

0.76 (0.44–11.0)

 Former Smoker

  

1.00 (1.00–1.00)

1.00 (1.00–1.00)

Body Mass Index

 Normal

   

1

 Underweight

   

1.77 (0.69–4.51)

 Overweight

   

2.03 (0.74–5.57)

 Obese

   

4.81 (1.92–12.0)*

  1. Model I: Adjusted for socio-demographic factors (age and residence)
  2. Model II: Adjusted for socio-demographic factors (age and residence) and socioeconomic factors (education and wealth)
  3. Model III: Model II plus further adjustment for health behaviours (smoking, alcohol use, fruits and vegetable intake and physical activity)
  4. Model IV: Model III with additional adjustment for anthropometric factor (Body mass index)
  5. *Significance level (p < 0.05),AOR adjusted odd ratio, CI confidence Interval