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Table 4 Multivariable regression analyses of the socioeconomic determinants and health risk behaviours for males

From: Prevalence and determinants of diabetes among older adults in Ghana

Characteristics

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

AOR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

Age

 50–59 years

1

1

1

1

 60–69 years

2.45 (1.26–4.72)*

2.70 (1.42–5.13)*

2.77 (1.37–5.59)*

2.58 (1.29–5.18)*

 70 years and above

1.11 (0.51–2.43)

1.61 (0.91–3.62)

1.63 (0.74–3.62)

1.78 (0.80–3.97)

Residence

 Rural

1

1

1

1

 Urban

2.91 (1.54–5.53)*

1.81 (0.91–3.62)

1.54 (0.75–3.16)

1.60 (0.76–3.38)

Education Level

 No schooling

 

1

1

1

 Primary School/Less

 

2.83 (1.12–7.15)*

3.41 (1.29–9.04)*

2.71 (1.02–7.19)*

 Secondary/High

 

3.71 (1.60–8.61)*

3.70 (1.46–9.40)*

3.61 (1.38–9.47)*

 University

 

12.2 (4.47–33.3)*

12.3 (4.14–36.6)*

12.8 (4.20–39.1)*

Wealth

 1 (Lowest)

 

1

1

1

 2

 

3.22 (0.84–12.4)

2.63 (0.84–10.5)

2.44 (0.63–9.43)

 3

 

1.98 (0.53–7.32)

2.23 (0.53–8.81)

1.84 (0.49–6.89)

 4

 

3.13 (0.76–13.0)

3.29 (0.76–15.0)

1.97 (0.48–8.15)

 5 (Highest)

 

3.93 (1.01–15.4)*

4.29 (0.99–18.6)

2.60 (0.65–10.5)

Physical Activity

 High

  

1

1

 Moderate

  

1.78 (0.83–3. 81)

1.58 (0.71–3.56)

 Low

  

1.70 (0.83–3.48)

1.32 (0.67–2.59)

Alcohol

 Non Drinkers

  

1

1

 Daily Drinkers

  

1.02 (0.46–2.27)

0.90 (0.41–2.01)

 Occasional Drinkers

  

1.80 (0.80–4.06)

1.79 (0.78–4.09)

 Former Drinkers

  

1.91 (0.80–4.52)

1.91 (0.82–4.49)

Fruits/Vegetables Intake

 Adequate

  

1

1

 Inadequate

  

1.41 (0.70–2.86)

1.42 (0.69–2.90)

Smoking

 Never Smoker

  

1

1

 Daily/Not Daily

  

1.63 (0.44–6.03)

0.76 (0.20–2.86)

 Not Current Smoker

  

1.28 (0.71–2.30)

1.35 (0.76–2.39)

Body Mass Index

    

 Normal

   

1

 Underweight

   

2.41 (0.81–7.22)

 Overweight

   

2.48 (0.73–8.40)

 Obese

   

3.74 (0.93–15.1)

  1. Model I: Adjusted for socio-demographic factors (age and residence)
  2. Model II: Adjusted for socio-demographic factors (age and residence) and socioeconomic factors (education and wealth)
  3. Model III: Model II plus further adjustment for health behaviours (smoking, alcohol use, fruits and vegetable intake and physical activity)
  4. Model IV: Model III with additional adjustment for anthropometric factor (Body mass index)
  5. *Significance level (p < 0.05), AOR adjusted odd ratio, CI confidence Interval