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Table 3 Multivariable regression analyses of the socioeconomic determinants and health risk behaviours for both males and females

From: Prevalence and determinants of diabetes among older adults in Ghana

Characteristics

Univariate

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

OR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

Sex

 Male

1

1

1

1

1

 Female

1.38 (0.96–1.96)

1.34 (0.93–1.93)

1.81 (1.23–2.67)*

1.63 (1.07–2.50)*

1.50 (0.98–2.30)

Age

 50–59 years

1

1

1

1

1

 60–69 years

2.04 (1.21–3.45)

2.10 (1.25–3.55)*

2.41 (1.41–4.14)*

2.32 (1.32–4.07)*

2.34 (1.28–4.28)*

 70 years and above

1.33 (0.80–2.23)

1.39 (0.83–2.35)

1.96 (1.14–3.37)*

1.70 (0.96–3.01)

1.91 (1.05–3.44)*

Residence

 Rural

1

1

1

1

1

 Urban

2.77 (1.77–4.34)

2.81 (1.80–4.38)*

1.87 (1.14–3.07)*

1.45 (0.85–2.45)

1.27 (0.75–2.15)

Education Level

 No schooling

1

 

1

1

1

 Primary School

1.42 (0.88–2.27)

 

1.48 (0.89–2.47)

1.44 (0.85–2.44)

1.30 (0.76–2.19)

 Secondary/High

2.21 (1.41–3.46)

 

2.28 (1.33–3.89)*

2.21 (1.29–3.79)*

2.08 (1.19–3.65)*

 University

6.24 (3.30–11.8)

 

5.14 (2.44–10.8)*

4.90 (2.30–10.5)*

5.07 (2.35–10.9)*

Wealth

 1 (Lowest)

1

 

1

1

1

 2

0.88 (0.45–1.71)

 

0.81 (0.42–1.56)

0.71 (0.36–1.38)

0.64 (0.32–1.27)

 3

1.11 (0.56–2.21)

 

0.92 (0.48–1.78)

0.84 (0.43–1.66)

0.80 (0.40–1.59)

 4

2.38 (1.23–4.58)

 

1.58 (0.80–3.12)

1.49 (0.72–3.07)

1.18 (0.58–2.41)

 5 (Highest)

3.31 (1.81–6.08)

 

1.61 (0.81–3.17)

1.46 (0.72–2.96)

1.14 (0.54–2.39)

Physical Activity

 High

1

  

1

1

 Moderate

2.77 (1.77–4.34)

  

2.15 (1.32–3.50)*

2.17 (1.32–3.56)*

 Low

2.96 (2.06–4.23)

  

1.88 (1.24–2.85)*

1.67 (1.12–2.50)*

Alcohol

 Non Drinkers

1

  

1

1

 Daily Drinkers

0.53 (0.27–1.06)

  

0.65 (0.33–1.28)

0.59 (0.29–1.20)

 Occasional Drinkers

1.37 (0.87–2.18)

  

1.30 (0.81–2.10)

1.27 (0.77–2.09)

 Former Drinkers

1.87 (1.09–3.21)

  

1.54 (0.89–2.68)

1.57 (0.90–2.76)

Fruits/Vegetables Intake

 Adequate

1

  

1

1

 Inadequate

1.03 (0.68–1.58)

  

1.12 (0.72–1.72)

1.17 (0.69–2.90)

Smoking

 Never Smoker

1

  

1

1

 Daily/Not Daily

0.56 (0.22–1.43)

  

1.39 (0.52–3.72)

1.08 (0.38–3.08)

 Not Current Smoker

0.85 (0.52–1.38)

  

1.07 (0.64–1.80)

1.19 (0.71–2.01)

Body Mass Index

 Normal

1

   

1

 Underweight

2.08 (1.07–4.05)

   

1.85 (0.97–3.55)

 Overweight

2.88 (1.41–5.92)

   

1.91 (0.93–3.92)

 Obese

6.57 (3.03–14.3)

   

3.61 (1.69–7.70)*

  1. Model I: Adjusted for socio-demographic factors (age and residence)
  2. Model II: Adjusted for socio-demographic factors (age and residence) and socioeconomic factors (education and wealth)
  3. Model III: Model II plus further adjustment for health behaviours (smoking, alcohol use, fruits and vegetable intake and physical activity)
  4. Model IV: Model III with additional adjustment for anthropometric factor (Body mass index)
  5. *Significance level (p < 0.05), AOR adjusted odd ratio, CI Confidence Interval
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