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Table 2 Prevalence of diabetes according to socioeconomic and health behavioural characteristics of the respondents

From: Prevalence and determinants of diabetes among older adults in Ghana

Characteristics

Male

Female

Total

P-value (χ2)a

% (95% CI) [n = 73]

% (95% CI) [n = 89]

% (95% CI) [n = 162]

Age

 50–59 years

2.44 (1.52–3.95)

3.25 (2.08–5.08)

2.83 (1.99–4.01)

 

 60–69 years

5.75 (3.50–8.66)

5.75 (3.55–9.05)

5.62 (3.88–8.08)

0.01

 70 years and above

2.55 (1.45–4.59)

4.90 (3.51–7.01)

3.74 (2.70–5.17)

 

Residence

 Rural

1.94 (1.21–3.15)

2.71 (1.79–4.18)

2.33 (1.65–3.27)

 

 Urban

5.46 (3.61–7.93)

7.06 (5.35–9.25)

6.19 (4.75–8.03)

<0.01

Level of Education

 No Schooling

1.04 (0.53–2.11)

3.72 (2.71–5.09)

2.60 (1.92–3.53)

 

 Primary

3.01 (1.61–5.59)

4.42 (2.75–7.07)

3.65 (2.50–5.32)

<0.01

 Secondary/High School

4.76 (3.01–6.82)

8.12 (4.73–15.8)

5.71 (4.02–7.68)

 

 College/University

16.5 (9.50–27.1)

8.18 (2.63–23.4)

15.2 (8.70–22.7)

 

Wealth Quintile

 1 (Lowest)

0.61 (0.19–1.97)

3.66 (2.10–6.41)

2.24 (1.34–3.79)

 

 2

2.27 (1.10–4.78)

1.70 (0.84–3.50)

1.97 (1.20–3.30)

 

 3

1.88 (1.00–3.53)

3.11 (1.70–5.72)

2.49 (1.59–3.92)

<0.01

 4

3.73 (2.14–6.53)

7.03 (4.24–11.2)

5.24 (3.58–7.54)

 

 5 (Highest)

6.81 (4.29–10.1)

7.82 (5.57–11.0)

7.20 (5.33–9.45)

 

Type of Employer

 Never Employed

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

4.42 (1.11–21.5)

2.53 (0.66–11.4)

 

 Public

6.75 (3.63–10.8)

6.48 (3.12–13.0)

6.69 (4.06–9.85)

 

 Private

6.90 (3.37–14.0)

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

5.28 (2.64–10.9)

0.02

 Self-employed

2.65 (1.81–3.89)

4.65 (3.56–5.96)

3.69 (2.89–4.68)

 

 Informal

1.09 (0.29–4.70)

2.53 (0.99–6.85)

1.79 (0.85–4.20)

 

Physical Activity

 Low

5.93 (3.55–8.90)

7.38 (5.63–9.62)

6.74 (0.42–8.51)

 

 Moderate

5.21 (3.00–9.07)

7.05 (4.28–12.1)

6.10 (0.42–9.01)

<0.01

 High

2.18 (1.42–3.41)

2.49 (1.64–3.80)

2.32 (0.42–3.15)

 

Fruits/Vegetables Intake

 Adequate

3.27 (1.63–5.26)

4.78 (2.81–7.59)

4.01 (2.61–5.46)

 

 Inadequate

3.37 (2.44–4.75)

4.42 (3.47–5.74)

3.87 (3.11–4.92)

0.85

Alcohol

 Non Drinkers

2.18 (1.26–3.95)

4.34 (3.27–5.84)

3.47 (2.70–4.58)

 

 Daily Drinkers

2.29 (1.21–4.35)

0.67 (0.17–2.68)

1.88 (1.01–3.55)

<0.01

 Occasional Drinkers

5.23 (2.79–8.53)

4.74 (2.85–7.44)

4.99 (3.26–6.97)

 

 Former Drinkers

5.61 (3.11–9.96)

7.22 (3.79–13.4)

6.38 (4.02–10.1)

 

Smoking

 Non-Smokers

3.29 (2.32–4.78)

4.65 (3.70–5.95)

4.09 (3.36–5.10)

 

 Daily Smokers

1.84 (0.54–6.10)

4.01 (1.07–14.6)

2.34 (0.96–5.68)

0.41

 Former Smokers

4.17 (2.37–6.43)

1.79 (0.13–6.29)

3.86 (2.16–5.74)

 

Body Mass Index

 Underweight

1.09 (0.38–3.05)

2.02 (0.91–4.59)

3.11 (2.33–4.22)

 

 Normal

3.08 (2.08–4.61)

3.16 (2.08–4.87)

1.52 (0.81–2.89)

<0.01

 Overweight

4.35 (2.22–6.99)

4.60 (2.71–7.71)

4.48 (2.92–6.29)

 

 Obesity

7.74 (4.22–14.5)

9.97 (6.91–14.6)

9.10 (6.48–13.2)

 
  1. The values are presented in percentages with the 95% confidence interval in the bracket
  2. aPearson Chi Square Test (χ2) was used to assess the relationship between the prevalence of diabetes and the socio-demographic, socioeconomic, health behaviours and anthropometric factors