From: Prevalence and determinants of diabetes among older adults in Ghana
Characteristics | Male | Female | Total | P-value (χ2)a |
---|---|---|---|---|
% (95% CI) [n = 73] | % (95% CI) [n = 89] | % (95% CI) [n = 162] | ||
Age | ||||
 50–59 years | 2.44 (1.52–3.95) | 3.25 (2.08–5.08) | 2.83 (1.99–4.01) |  |
 60–69 years | 5.75 (3.50–8.66) | 5.75 (3.55–9.05) | 5.62 (3.88–8.08) | 0.01 |
 70 years and above | 2.55 (1.45–4.59) | 4.90 (3.51–7.01) | 3.74 (2.70–5.17) |  |
Residence | ||||
 Rural | 1.94 (1.21–3.15) | 2.71 (1.79–4.18) | 2.33 (1.65–3.27) |  |
 Urban | 5.46 (3.61–7.93) | 7.06 (5.35–9.25) | 6.19 (4.75–8.03) | <0.01 |
Level of Education | ||||
 No Schooling | 1.04 (0.53–2.11) | 3.72 (2.71–5.09) | 2.60 (1.92–3.53) |  |
 Primary | 3.01 (1.61–5.59) | 4.42 (2.75–7.07) | 3.65 (2.50–5.32) | <0.01 |
 Secondary/High School | 4.76 (3.01–6.82) | 8.12 (4.73–15.8) | 5.71 (4.02–7.68) |  |
 College/University | 16.5 (9.50–27.1) | 8.18 (2.63–23.4) | 15.2 (8.70–22.7) |  |
Wealth Quintile | ||||
 1 (Lowest) | 0.61 (0.19–1.97) | 3.66 (2.10–6.41) | 2.24 (1.34–3.79) |  |
 2 | 2.27 (1.10–4.78) | 1.70 (0.84–3.50) | 1.97 (1.20–3.30) |  |
 3 | 1.88 (1.00–3.53) | 3.11 (1.70–5.72) | 2.49 (1.59–3.92) | <0.01 |
 4 | 3.73 (2.14–6.53) | 7.03 (4.24–11.2) | 5.24 (3.58–7.54) |  |
 5 (Highest) | 6.81 (4.29–10.1) | 7.82 (5.57–11.0) | 7.20 (5.33–9.45) |  |
Type of Employer | ||||
 Never Employed | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 4.42 (1.11–21.5) | 2.53 (0.66–11.4) |  |
 Public | 6.75 (3.63–10.8) | 6.48 (3.12–13.0) | 6.69 (4.06–9.85) |  |
 Private | 6.90 (3.37–14.0) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 5.28 (2.64–10.9) | 0.02 |
 Self-employed | 2.65 (1.81–3.89) | 4.65 (3.56–5.96) | 3.69 (2.89–4.68) |  |
 Informal | 1.09 (0.29–4.70) | 2.53 (0.99–6.85) | 1.79 (0.85–4.20) |  |
Physical Activity | ||||
 Low | 5.93 (3.55–8.90) | 7.38 (5.63–9.62) | 6.74 (0.42–8.51) |  |
 Moderate | 5.21 (3.00–9.07) | 7.05 (4.28–12.1) | 6.10 (0.42–9.01) | <0.01 |
 High | 2.18 (1.42–3.41) | 2.49 (1.64–3.80) | 2.32 (0.42–3.15) |  |
Fruits/Vegetables Intake | ||||
 Adequate | 3.27 (1.63–5.26) | 4.78 (2.81–7.59) | 4.01 (2.61–5.46) |  |
 Inadequate | 3.37 (2.44–4.75) | 4.42 (3.47–5.74) | 3.87 (3.11–4.92) | 0.85 |
Alcohol | ||||
 Non Drinkers | 2.18 (1.26–3.95) | 4.34 (3.27–5.84) | 3.47 (2.70–4.58) |  |
 Daily Drinkers | 2.29 (1.21–4.35) | 0.67 (0.17–2.68) | 1.88 (1.01–3.55) | <0.01 |
 Occasional Drinkers | 5.23 (2.79–8.53) | 4.74 (2.85–7.44) | 4.99 (3.26–6.97) |  |
 Former Drinkers | 5.61 (3.11–9.96) | 7.22 (3.79–13.4) | 6.38 (4.02–10.1) |  |
Smoking | ||||
 Non-Smokers | 3.29 (2.32–4.78) | 4.65 (3.70–5.95) | 4.09 (3.36–5.10) |  |
 Daily Smokers | 1.84 (0.54–6.10) | 4.01 (1.07–14.6) | 2.34 (0.96–5.68) | 0.41 |
 Former Smokers | 4.17 (2.37–6.43) | 1.79 (0.13–6.29) | 3.86 (2.16–5.74) |  |
Body Mass Index | ||||
 Underweight | 1.09 (0.38–3.05) | 2.02 (0.91–4.59) | 3.11 (2.33–4.22) |  |
 Normal | 3.08 (2.08–4.61) | 3.16 (2.08–4.87) | 1.52 (0.81–2.89) | <0.01 |
 Overweight | 4.35 (2.22–6.99) | 4.60 (2.71–7.71) | 4.48 (2.92–6.29) |  |
 Obesity | 7.74 (4.22–14.5) | 9.97 (6.91–14.6) | 9.10 (6.48–13.2) |  |