Table 1 Descriptive bivariate association between independent factors and intentions to keep TB status secret
Explanatory variables | Females | Males | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |
Individual level | ||||
Education | χ 2 = 25.3; p < 0.001 | χ 2 = 17.1; p < 0.001 | ||
No education | 1,138 | 65.8 | 342 | 84.1 |
Primary | 1,163 | 65.0 | 410 | 77.0 |
Secondary | 4,681 | 67.1 | 2,532 | 73.5 |
Tertiary | 576 | 78.0 | 492 | 77.5 |
Age group | χ 2 = p < 0.001 | χ 2 = 57.2; p < 0.001 | ||
15–19 | 1,070 | 57.8 | 633 | 66.9 |
20–24 | 1,275 | 65.8 | 499 | 68.4 |
25–29 | 1,340 | 67.7 | 527 | 76.6 |
30–34 | 1,161 | 69.9 | 486 | 77.1 |
35–39 | 1,093 | 69.9 | 425 | 76.3 |
40–44 | 878 | 72.9 | 413 | 81.9 |
45–49 | 739 | 69.7 | 319 | 80.9 |
50–54 | – | – | 276 | 78.5 |
55–59 | – | – | 196 | 83.1 |
Marital status | χ 2 = 15.3; p < 0.001 | χ 2 = 32.2; p < 0.001 | ||
Never married | 2,415 | 63.6 | 1,525 | 70.1 |
Married/In-union | 4,287 | 69.8 | 2,043 | 78.6 |
Formerly married | 856 | 66.4 | 209 | 81.4 |
Household level | ||||
Household wealth quintile | χ 2 = 34.5; p < 0.001 | χ 2 = 6.3; p < 0.175 | ||
Poorest | 862 | 64.8 | 529 | 81.6 |
Poorer | 1,237 | 64.3 | 658 | 76.7 |
Average | 1553 | 65.7 | 725 | 75.5 |
Richer | 1,879 | 66.6 | 873 | 71.2 |
Richest | 2,027 | 72.6 | 991 | 74.6 |
Community variables | ||||
Ethnicity | χ 2 = 168.0; p < 0.001 | χ 2 = 54.7; p < 0.001 | ||
Akan | 4,173 | 65.7 | 1,961 | 71.1 |
Ga/Dangme | 600 | 67.8 | 352 | 83.4 |
Ewe | 1,014 | 81.1 | 521 | 84.1 |
Mole-Dagbani | 935 | 60.7 | 484 | 78.3 |
Gurma | 259 | 71.9 | 177 | 80.5 |
Others | 575 | 64.0 | 281 | 15.7 |
Religion | χ 2 = 33.9;p < 0.001 | χ 2 = 8.1; p < 0.089 | ||
Orthodox Christian | 1,852 | 67.3 | 956 | 75.9 |
Pentecostal | 3,210 | 68.9 | 1,158 | 73.0 |
Other Christian | 1,228 | 61.1 | 698 | 77.7 |
Moslem | 995 | 74.6 | 625 | 79.3 |
Traditional/Others | 272 | 74.6 | 339 | 79.3 |
Region | χ 2 = 330.0; p < 0.001 | χ 2 = 339.7; p < 0.001 | ||
Western | 935 | 65.4 | 436 | 72.3 |
Central | 776 | 56.2 | 379 | 88.7 |
Greater Accra | 1,681 | 77.4 | 823 | 87.8 |
Volta | 538 | 83.8 | 279 | 85.3 |
Eastern | 658 | 68.9 | 381 | 76.8 |
Ashanti | 1,582 | 66.6 | 735 | 50.6 |
Brong-Ahafo | 596 | 52.1 | 302 | 63.2 |
Northern | 390 | 69.1 | 264 | 95.3 |
Upper East | 251 | 48.6 | 99 | 73.2 |
Upper West | 151 | 57.8 | 75 | 69.3 |
Residence | χ 2 = 0.01 p < 0.893 | χ 2 = 5.7; p < 0.016 | ||
Urban | 4,410 | 67.9 | 2,052 | 72.1 |
Rural | 3,149 | 66.7 | 1,725 | 79.3 |
Media exposure variables | ||||
Newspaper/Magazine | χ 2 = 6.5; p < 0.038 | χ 2 = 13.4; p < 0.001 | ||
Not at all | 5,904 | 66.9 | 2,335 | 73.6 |
Less than once a week | 880 | 66.7 | 721 | 81.8 |
At least once a week | 769 | 66.4 | 719 | 81.4 |
Radio | χ 2 = 7.3; p < 0.038 | χ 2 = 25.0; p < 0.001 | ||
Not at all | 910 | 67.2 | 166 | 55.3 |
Less than once a week | 2,426 | 67.7 | 577 | 82.4 |
At least once a week | 4,223 | 67.4 | 3,034 | 75.1 |
Television | χ 2 = 16.1; p < 0.001 | χ 2 = 11.7; p < 0.003 | ||
Not at all | 1,430 | 64.9 | 540 | 73.6 |
Less than once a week | 2,019 | 68.8 | 685 | 82.8 |
At least once a week | 4,110 | 67.4 | 2,552 | 73.7 |
Views about HIV disclosure | ||||
Keeping HIV & AIDS in family secret | χ 2 = 1.2;p < 0.001 | χ 2 = 799.5; p < 0.001 | ||
No | 3,381 | 88.9 | 2,097 | 93.1 |
Yes | 4,116 | 49.8 | 1,665 | 52.8 |