Prevalence, type, and correlates of trauma exposure among adolescent men and women in Soweto, South Africa: implications for HIV prevention

Closson, Kalysha; Dietrich, Janan Janine; Nkala, Busi; Musuku, Addy; Cui, Zishan; Chia, Jason; Gray, Glenda; Lachowsky, Nathan J.; Hogg, Robert S.; Miller, Cari L.; Kaida, Angela

doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3832-0

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants (aged 14–19 years) overall and by gender (n = 767)

From: Prevalence, type, and correlates of trauma exposure among adolescent men and women in Soweto, South Africa: implications for HIV prevention

Baseline characteristics	Overall (n = 767)		Adolescent Men (n = 325)		Adolescent Women (n = 442)		p-value
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Socio-demographic characteristics
Age at interview (years, median, Q1,Q3)	17	16,18	17	16,18	18	16,18	0.197
Years lived in Soweto
< 5 years	71	9.4	27	8.4	44	10.0	0.347
≥ 5 years	106	14.0	51	15.9	55	12.5
Since birth	582	76.7	242	75.6	340	77.5
missing	8		5		3
Ethnicity
Zulu	345	45.0	166	51.1	179	40.5	0.005
Xhosa	92	12.0	39	12.0	53	12.0
Sotho	124	16.2	40	12.3	84	19.0
Tswana	85	11.1	26	8.0	59	13.4
Other ethnicities	121	15.8	54	16.6	67	15.2
Education
≥ High school	9	1.2	7	2.2	2	0.5	0.041
< High school	758	98.8	318	97.9	440	99.6
Employment
Student	649	85.1	264	81.5	385	87.7	0.056
Unemployed	85	11.1	44	13.6	41	9.3
Employed	29	3.8	16	4.9	13	3.0
Missing	<5		<5		<5
Housing
Brick house/Flat owned by family	547	71.3	220	67.7	327	74.0	0.160
Brick house/Flat rented by family/other	18	2.3	9	2.8	9	2.0
RDP house/Shack	202	26.3	96	29.5	106	24.0
Food Insecurity
Low	169	22.0	59	18.2	110	24.9	0.078
Medium	203	26.5	88	27.1	115	26.0
High	395	51.5	178	54.8	217	49.1
Household Social Grant in the last 12 months
No	325	42.9	141	44.3	184	41.9	0.506
Yes	432	57.1	177	55.7	255	58.1
missing	10		7		3
Incarceration history
No	646	93.8	258	91.2	388	95.6	0.019
Yes	43	6.2	25	8.8	18	4.4
Missing	78		42		36
Sexual behaviour and HIV variables
Ever had sex
No	338	44.1	116	35.7	222	50.2	<.001
Yes	429	55.9	209	64.3	220	49.8
Sexually Active in the past 6 months (L6M)^a
No	153	36.5	80	39.6	73	33.6	0.205
Yes	266	63.1	122	60.4	144	66.4
missing	10		7		3
Number of partners (among those reporting sexual activity in L6M)^b
1 partner	168	64.6	51	43.6	117	81.8	<.001
≥ 2 partner	92	35.4	66	56.4	26	18.2
Missing	6
Condom use^a
Consistent condom use	189	46.3	93	47.2	96	45.5	0.729
Inconsistent condom use	219	53.7	104	52.8	115	54.5
missing	21		12		9
HIV testing history
No	414	54.1	187	57.7	227	51.5	0.087
Yes	351	45.9	137	42.3	214	48.5
HIV status (self-report)
HIV-positive	11	1.4	5	1.5	6	1.4	0.187
HIV-negative	329	42.9	127	39.1	202	45.7
Unknown/never tested	427	55.7	193	59.4	234	52.9
STI or STI symptomology^a
No	332	77.4	173	82.8	159	72.3	<.001
Yes	97	22.6	36	17.2	61	27.7
Substance use and mental health variables
Alcohol use in the last 6 months (L6M)
No	267	34.99	104	32.1	163	37.1	0.150
Yes	496	65.01	220	67.9	276	62.9
Drug use in L6M (excluding marijuana use)
No	728	94.9	297	91.4	431	97.5	<.001
Yes	39	5.1	28	8.6	11	2.5
Probable Depression
No	510	66.5	229	70.5	281	63.6	0.046
Yes (CES-D score ≥ 24)	257	33.5	96	29.5	161	36.4

Note: p-values in bold are significant (<.05)
Abbreviations: CES-D center for epidemiologic studies- depression scale, RDP reconstruction and development programme, STI sexually transmitted infection, HIV human immunodeficiency virus
^aAmong those reporting sexual activity ever
^bAmong those reporting sexual activity in the last 6 month

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