Defending behaviors, bullying roles, and their associations with mental health in junior high school students: a population-based study

Table 4 Associations between depressive symptoms, defending behaviors, and bullying roles (N = 2,872)

	Depressive symptoms score (Range: 1–3)
	Bivariate analysis			Multivariate regression I				Multivariate regression II
	Mean	SD	Test	Beta	STB	SD	p-value	Beta	STB	SD	p-value
Bullying experience:
Bullies (B)	1.80	0.03	F = 22.37	0.47	0.05	0.25	0.06	0.46	0.04	0.25	0.067
Victims (V)	1.85	0.04	p < .0001	1.28	0.11	0.24	<.0001	1.22	0.11	0.24	<.0001
Bully-victims (BV)	1.78	0.04	Post-hoc test	0.38	0.02	0.24	0.11	0.34	0.02	0.24	0.152
Bystanders (BY)	1.61	0.01	B, V, BV > BY	ref				ref
Defending behavior score	r = 0.047		P = 0.0115	-				0.27	0.07	0.10	0.008

Note 1: Means were weighted by sampling probabilities
Note 2: This model was adjusted for sex, grade, aggressive personality, communication skills, school attachment, parents’ marital status, parents’ education level, family activity level, family support level, family conflict level, and punishment level. Model I examined the relationship between bullying roles and depressive symptoms. Model II examined the relationship between bullying roles and depressive symptoms after adjusting for defending behaviors

ISSN: 1471-2458