Table 3 Multivariate multi-level models of infant mortality in the DRC, 1989–2010

 Pre-war, 1989–1995

1

1

 War, 1996–2003

1.10*

1.10*

 Post-war, 2004–2010

0.74***

0.76***

 No conflict events

1

1

 Low

1.03

1.12(*)

 Medium

1.15**

1.16***

 High

1.35***

1.30***

 No deaths

1

1

 Low

1.09*

1.14**

 Medium

1.12**

1.16**

 High

1.36***

1.29***

 Urban

1

1

1

1

 Rural

1.43***

1.14**

1.13**

1.13**

 Kinshasa

1

1

1

1

 Bas-Congo

2.16***

1.50***

1.58***

1.56***

 Bandundu

1.40**

1.1

1.13

1.12

 Equateur

1.77***

1.19*

1.16

1.16(*)

 Orientale

1.72***

1.20*

1.11

1.12

 Nord-Kivu

1.34**

0.92

0.85

0.85

 Maniema

1.87***

1.29**

1.28*

1.28*

 Sud-Kivu

2.35***

1.36**

1.29*

1.29*

 Katanga

1.90***

1.30**

1.22*

1.23*

 Kasaï Oriental

1.35**

0.99

0.99

0.98

 Kasaï Occidental

1.94***

1.33**

1.34**

1.32**

 No education

1.73***

1.37***

1.38***

1.38***

 Up to primary education

1.54***

1.29***

1.29***

1.29***

 Post primary

1

1

1

1

 10–21

1

1

1

1

 22–27

0.74***

0.83***

0.82***

0.82***

 28–49

0.74***

0.81***

0.79***

0.79***

 Pre-union birth

1

1

1

1

 Birth within union

0.84***

0.86**

0.85**

0.85**

 First born, no spacing

1

1

1

1

 2nd born, <2 years

1.31***

1.16*

1.16*

1.16**

 2nd born, > = 2 years

0.65***

0.65***

0.65***

0.65***

 3rd - 4th born, < 2 years

1.15**

1.05

1.05

1.05

 3rd - 4th born, > = 2 years

0.61***

0.60***

0.60***

0.60***

 5th- 16th born, <2 years

1.45***

1.26**

1.24**

1.24**

 5th- 16th born, > = 2 years

0.63***

0.58***

0.56***

0.57***

 No previous sibling death

1

1

1

1

 Previous sibling death

1.42***

1.92***

1.90***

1.91***

 Boy

1

1

1

1

 Girl

0.86***

0.87***

0.87***

0.87***

 Neonatal

1

1

1

1

 Post-neonatal

0.17***

0.16***

0.16***

0.16***

 Constant

0.02***

0.02***

0.02***

 lnsig2u

−1.16

−1.13

−1.13

 Sigma_u

0.56

0.57

0.57

 Rho

0.09

0.09

0.09

 chi2

4092.41

4013.82

4014.22