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Table 3 Linear and logistic regression estimates of the association between widowhood and health among older adults in India

From: Marital status, widowhood duration, gender and health outcomes: a cross-sectional study among older adults in India

 

Men

Women

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Linear Outcome

 

b

(95 % CI)

b

(95 % CI)

b

(95 % CI)

b

(95 % CI)

Self-Rated Health (higher = worse)

Widowed (vs. married)

0.06

(−0.03, 0.14)

0.003

(−0.08, 0.08)

0.11***

(0.06, 0.17)

0.08**

(0.02, 0.14)

Psychological Distress (higher = worse)

Widowed (vs. married)

0.22

(−0.06, 0.50)

0.01

(−0.26, 0.29)

0.48***

(0.26, 0.69)

0.33**

(0.12, 0.55)

Cognitive Ability (higher = better)

Widowed (vs. married)

−0.30***

(−0.43, −0.16)

−0.18**

(−0.31, −0.05)

−0.22***

(−0.31, −0.13)

−0.11*

(−0.20, −0.02)

Binary Outcome

 

AOR

(95 % CI)

AOR

(95 % CI)

AOR

(95 % CI)

AOR

(95 % CI)

Being in Poor Health

Widowed (vs. married)

1.14

(0.94, 1.39)

1.02

(0.84, 1.25)

1.17*

(1.01, 1.35)

1.08

(0.93, 1.25)

Having a Probable Mental Disorder

Widowed (vs. married)

1.33*

(1.07, 1.66)

1.17

(0.93, 1.46)

1.38*

(1.18, 1.61)

1.25*

(1.07, 1.48)

Diagnosed with Hypertension

Widowed (vs. married)

0.86

(0.67, 1.10)

0.86

(0.67, 1.11)

1.21*

(1.04, 1.42)

1.29*

(1.10, 1.52)

Diagnosed with Diabetes

Widowed (vs. married)

1.15

(0.87, 1.54)

1.21

(0.90, 1.63)

1.03

(0.83, 1.28)

1.14

(0.91, 1.42)

Diagnosed with Asthma

Widowed (vs. married)

1.02

(0.74, 1.40)

0.96

(0.70, 1.32)

1.18

(0.90,1.54)

1.20

(0.92, 1.57)

Diagnosed with Arthritis

Widowed (vs. married)

0.93

(0.75, 1.16)

0.89

(0.72, 1.11)

1.07

(0.92,1.23)

1.07

(0.92, 1.24)

Diagnosed with at least 1 chronic disease

Widowed (vs. married)

0.88

(0.72, 1.08)

0.85

(0.70, 1.05)

1.11

(0.97, 1.28)

1.12

(0.97, 1.29)

  1. * p < .05; ** p < .01; ***p < .001. Notes: Model 1 was adjusted for age, caste, living with children, urban/rural, and state. Model 2 was adjusted for all explanatory variables in Model 1 + education, work status, and household wealth quintile. For all models, estimates also accounted for survey design as a three-level (individual, primary sampling unit and district) random intercepts model was used