Validity and reliability of a brief self-reported questionnaire assessing fruit and vegetable consumption among pregnant women

Table 4 Correlations between fruit and vegetable^a intake and plasma carotenoids concentrations

	Crude Pearson Correlations	Partial Correlations Adjusted for Energy Intake	Partial Correlations Adjusted for Nausea	Partial Correlations Adjusted for Energy Intake and Nausea^b
FVQ (n = 48)
Retinol	0.21	N/A	0.23	N/A
α-tocopherol	−0.17	N/A	−0.06	N/A
Lutein	−0.08	N/A	−0.07	N/A
Zeaxanthin	−0.16	N/A	−0.11	N/A
β-cryptoxanthin	0.02	N/A	0.04	N/A
α-carotene	0.11	N/A	0.13	N/A
β-carotene	0.05	N/A	0.10	N/A
Lycopene	−0.27	N/A	−0.23	N/A
Total carotenoids	−0.16	N/A	−0.05	N/A
Food record (n = 48)
Retinol	0.04	−0.06	0.04	−0.05
α-tocopherol	−0.21	−0.24	−0.19	−0.23
Lutein	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15
Zeaxanthin	0.01	−0.06	0.03	−0.04
β-cryptoxanthin	0.07	−0.02	0.07	−0.02
α-carotene	0.07	0.02	0.08	0.02
β-carotene	−0.08	−0.11	−0.06	−0.10
Lycopene	−0.11	−0.22	−0.09	−0.20
Total carotenoids	−0.20	−0.24	−0.18	−0.23
FFQ (n = 33)
Retinol	0.30	0.31	0.31	0.32
α-tocopherol	−0.06	−0.05	0.01	0.02
Lutein	0.24	0.24	0.24	0.25
Zeaxanthin	0.18	0.17	0.22	0.21
β-cryptoxanthin	0.34	0.31	0.35*	0.32
α-carotene	0.19	0.21	0.21	0.22
β-carotene	0.19	0.16	0.22	0.19
Lycopene	0.08	0.13	0.11	0.17
Total carotenoids	−0.02	−0.01	0.05	0.07

Abbreviations: FVQ fruit and vegetable questionnaire, FFQ food-frequency questionnaire, N/A not available
*p = 0.0471
^aExcluding potatoes; ^bCorrelations were similar when they were also adjusted for age

ISSN: 1471-2458