Table 4 Factors associated with physical activity in oil-producing countries of the Arabian Peninsula (Behavioural epidemiology framework, Phase 4)
Correlate | Association | References |
|---|---|---|
Demographic | ||
 Age | − | Al-Hazzaa, 2007 [76] 3; Al-Hazzaa HM [80] 3; Al-Nozha, 2007 [39] 2, 3; Al-Sobayel, 2015 [87]; Amin, 2012 [89]; Amin, 2011 [90]; Mabry, 2012 [70] (women only) 3 |
| Â | + | Mabry, 2012 [70] (men only) |
 Gender (male) | + | Al-Hazzaa, 2007 [76]; Al-Hazzaa, 2014 [86] 3; Al-Nozha, 2007 [39]; Al-Sobayel, 2015 [87]; Amin, 2012 [89]; Amin, 2011 [90]; Duncan, 2015 [88] |
 Education | − | Al-Hazzaa, 2007 [76]; Almajwal, 2015 [91] 2; Amin, 2011 [90]; Mabry, 2012 [70] (men only) |
 Marital Status (married) | + | Almajwal, 2015 [91]; Al-Nozha, 2007 [39]; Mabry, 2012 [70] (men only) |
|  | − | Khalaf, 2013 [161] (women only) |
 Employment (employed) | + | Mabry, 2012 [70] |
Intrapersonal | ||
 Lack of time | − | Al-Hazzaa, 2014 [86]; Al-Rafaee, 2001 [118]; Al-Otaibi, 2013 [75]; Ali, 2010 (Q) [18]; Ali, 2008 (Q) [119]; Alsubaie, 2015 [94]; Awadalla, 2014 [72] 3; Berger, 2009 (Q) [120]; Daradkeh, 2015 [95]; Hashim, 2013 [121]; Gawwad, 2008 [73]; Mabry, 2013 (Q) [17]; Musaiger, 2014 [122]; Serour, 2007 [123]; Youssef [74] |
 Self-motivation | − | Al-Rafaee, 2001 [118]; AlQuaiz, 2009 [71]; Alsubaie, 2015 [94]; Awadalla, 2014 [72]; Berger, 2009 (Q) [120]; Mabry, 2013 (Q) [17]; Youssef [74] |
 Perceived health | − | AboZaid, 2010 [165]; Al-Rafaee, 2001 [118]; Alsubaie, 2015 [94]; Awadalla, 2014 [72]; Serour, 2007 [123] |
 Limited knowledge/awareness | − | |
 Consumption of fruits | + | Al-Hazzaa, 2014 [86]; Al-Kahtani, 2015 [66]; Al-Sobayel, 2015 [87]; Duncan, 2015 [88] |
 Consumption of foods high in fats/salt/sugar | + | Al-Hazzaa, 2014 [86]; Al-Sobayel, 2015 [87]; Duncan, 2015 [88]; Faris, 2015 [167] |
 Knowledge PA is important | + | |
 Perceived skills/fitness | − | |
 Enhance appearance/muscles | + | |
 Consumption of milk | + | |
 Consumption of vegetables | + | |
 Belief in Overweight as normal | − | Ali, 2008 (Q) [119] |
 Attitude to changing diet | − | Ali, 2008 (Q) [119] |
 Self efficacy | + | Al-Eisa, 2012 [63] |
 Locus of control | − | Al-Otaibi, 2013 [75] |
 Stage of change | + | Al-Otaibi, 2013 [75] |
 Fear of criticism | − | AboZaid, 2010 [165] |
 Maintain health | + | Daradkeh, 2015 [95] |
 Shift duty | − | Almajwal, 2015 [91] |
Social and cultural | ||
 Norms limiting women’s mobility | − | Amin, 2010 [90]; Berger, 2009 (Q) [120]; Mabry, 2013 (Q) [17]; Sulaiman, 2009 (Q) [93] |
 Norms prioritizing women’s care-taking role/limiting self-care role | − | |
 Social support | − | Al-Otaibi, 2013 [75]; AlQuaiz, 2009 [71]; Alsubaie, 2015 [94]; Awadalla, 2014 [72]; Amin, 2010 [90]; Donnelly, 2012 (Q) [92] |
 Low value of PA | − | Ali, 2008 (Q) [119]; Awadalla, 2014 [72]; Mabry, 2013 (Q) [17] |
 Norms promoting overeating | − | Ali, 2008 (Q) [119] |
 Lack of role models |  | Berger, 2009 (Q) [120] |
Physical Environment | ||
 Availability of physical activity facilities | − | Al-Rafaee, 2001 [118]; Alsubaie, 2015 [94]; Awadalla, 2014 [72]; Ali, 2010 (Q) [18]; Ali, 2008 (Q) [119]; AlQuaiz, 2009 [71]; Amin, 2010 [90]; Donnelly, 2012 (Q) [92]; Mabry, 2013 (Q) [17] |
 Weather | − | Ali, 2008 (Q) [119]; Ali, 2010 (Q) [18]; Amin, 2010 [90]; Berger, 2009 (Q) [120] Mabry, 2013 (Q) [17]; Musaiger, 2014 [122]; Sulaiman, 2009 (Q) [93] |
 Safety | − | Ali, 2008 (Q) [119] |
 Transportation | + | Al-Kahtani, 2015 [66]; |
Population Policy Level | ||
 Ineffective health communication | − | |
 Limited resources (general) allocated for physical activity promotion | − | Mabry, 2013 (Q) [17] |
 Ineffective PA-supportive policies in colleges | − | Berger, 2009 (Q) [120] |
Individual-based Policy Level | ||
 Lack of Time | − | |
 Health personnel limited knowledge/awareness of benefits of PA | − | Al-Doghether, 2007 [127] |
 Limited material resources in health centres (teaching materials, guidelines) | − | |
 Lack of specialty clinics at primary health care level | − | Al-Ghawi, 2009 [128] |
 Limited availability of human resources (i.e., dietitians) | − | Ali, 2008 (Q) [119] |