From: The role of socio-economic status in depression: results from the COURAGE (aging survey in Europe)
Finland (%) | Poland (%) | Spain (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depressed (n = 80) | Non-Depressed (n = 1854) | p | Depressed (n = 214) | Non-Depressed (n = 3726) | p | Depressed (n = 510) | Non-Depressed (n = 4073) | p | |
Sex | |||||||||
Male | 21.1 | 49.2 | ≤0.001 | 36.2 | 48.0 | 0.054 | 31.0 | 51.1 | ≤ 0.001 |
Age Group | 0.21 | 0.04 | ≤0.0001 | ||||||
18–39 | 41.8 | 32.1 | 26.7 | 42.0 | 21.8 | 38.2 | |||
40–64 | 42.1 | 45.2 | 50.0 | 40.9 | 50.1 | 41.9 | |||
65+ | 16.1 | 22.7 | 23.3 | 17.1 | 28.1 | 19.9 | |||
Marital Status | ≤ 0.001 | 0.004 | ≤ 0.001 | ||||||
Single | 31 | 25 | 23 | 17 | 21 | 28 | |||
Married/Cohabiting | 38 | 60 | 49 | 65 | 45 | 58 | |||
Divorced/Widowed | 31 | 15 | 28 | 13 | 34 | 14 | |||
No. Yrs Education | |||||||||
mean ± SD | 12.09 ± 3.8 | 12.2 ± 4.1 | 0.819 | 11.05 ± 3.9 | 11.75 ± 3.7 | 0.009 | 8.27 ± 5.7 | 10.9 ± 5.6 | ≤ 0.001 |
Income Quintiles | ≤ 0.001 | 0.004 | ≤ 0.001 | ||||||
1 (Poorest) | 25.2 | 22.6 | 38.2 | 22.9 | 12.4 | 23.5 | |||
2 (Poorer) | 31.3 | 15.2 | 18.1 | 13.7 | 32.5 | 14.7 | |||
3 (Middle) | 19.3 | 18.1 | 11.1 | 13.8 | 24.2 | 19.6 | |||
4 (Rich) | 14.9 | 27.9 | 10.8 | 22.3 | 18.2 | 23.3 | |||
5 (Richest) | 9.2 | 16.2 | 21.9 | 27.2 | 12.7 | 18.9 | |||
SES Index | |||||||||
(0–110) | 31.9 ± 22.0 | 38.7 ± 25.5 | ≤ 0.02 | 27.4 ± 23.6 | 34.9 ± 24.2 | ≤ 0.001 | 23.3 ± 21.5 | 32.6 ± 26.2 | ≤ 0.001 |