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Table 3 Individual compositional and contextual factors associated with cigarette smoking status among people living with HIV identified by multivariable multilevel logistic regression models, Demographic and Health Surveys data, 2003–2012

From: Influence of socioeconomic position and gender on current cigarette smoking among people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: disentangling context from composition

 

Model 1aOR (95 % CrI)

Model 2bOR (95 % CrI)

Model 3cOR (95 % CrI)

Model 4dOR (95 % CrI)

Model 5eOR (95 % CrI)

Fixed-effect

     

Individual-level factors

     

 Male (vs female)

 

59.06 (48.27, 75.98)

  

62.49 (45.93, 78.28)

Age (completed years)

     

 18–24

 

1 (reference)

  

1 (reference)

 25–34

 

1.94 (1.69, 2.23)

  

1.95 (1.65, 2.22)

 35–44

 

1.64 (1.39, 1.92)

  

1.64 (1.37, 1.90)

 45+

 

1.29 (1.08, 1.53)

  

1.30 (1.06, 1.51)

Education

     

 No education

 

0.98 ((0.86, 1.11)

  

1.09 (0.95, 1.24)

 Primary

 

1.34 (1.21, 1.50)

  

1.38 (1.24, 1.53)

Secondary or higher

 

1 (reference)

  

1 (reference)

Wealth index

     

 Poorer

 

1.21 (1.09, 1.35)

  

1.62 (1.38, 1.90)

 Middle

 

1.09 (0.97, 1.20)

  

1.29 (1.12, 1.46)

 Richer

 

1 (reference)

  

1 (reference)

 Current (vs not) working

 

1.31 (1.14, 1.49)

  

1.27 (1.11, 1.46)

 Never (vs currently) married

 

1.00 (0.88, 1.12)

  

1.02 (0.90, 1.14)

Neighbourhood-level factors

     

 Urban (vs rural)

  

1.21 (1.04, 1.42)

 

1.24 (1.09, 1.41)

 Low (vs high) poverty rate

  

0.64 (0.52, 0.76)

 

1.25 (1.09, 1.43)

 Low (vs high) illiteracy rate

  

0.82 (0.71, 0.95)

 

1.28 (1.14, 1.42)

 Low (vs high) unemployment rate

  

0.84 (0.75, 0.95)

 

1.11 (1.01, 1.43)

Country-level factors

     

 Low (vs high) rural population

   

1.17 (0.84, 1.67)

1.23 (0.83, 1.77)

 Low (vs high) intensity of deprivation

   

1.94 (1.44, 2.98)

1.53 (1.08, 1.96)

Random effects

     

Country-level

     

 Variance (95 CrI)

0.18 (0.07, 0.40)

0.19 (0.08, 0.42)

0.14 (0.05, 0.31)

0.10 (0.03, 0.26)

0.20 (0.08, 0.45)

 VPC (%)

3.4 (1.45, 7.0)

5.5 (2.4, 11.2)

2.6 (1.1, 5.2)

1.9 (0.6, 4.5)

5.8 (2.3, 11.8)

 MOR (%, 95 % CrI)

1.50 (1.29, 1.85)

1.52 (1.31, 1.85)

1.43 (1.25, 5.17)

1.36 (1.18, 1.63)

1.54 (1.31, 1.90)

 Explained variation (%)

 

−61.7

23.5

44.1

54.7

Neighbourhood-level

     

 Variance (95 CrI)

1.96 (1.70, 2.23)

0.01 (0.00, 0.02)

2.06 (1.81, 2.33)

1.99 (1.71, 2.28)

0.02 (0.01, 0.07)

 VPC (%, 95 % CrI)

39.4 (35.1, 44.5)

5.8 (2.5, 11.6)

10.1 (36.2, 44.5)

38.9 (34.6, 43.6)

6.4 (2.5, 13.5)

 MOR (%, 95 % CrI)

3.80 (3.47, 4.15)

1.10 (1.06, 1.13)

3.93 (3.62, 4.29)

3.84 (3.48, 4.22)

1.14 (1.08, 1.27)

 Explained variation (%)

 

85.3

74.4

1.3

83.8

Model fit statistics

     

 DIC

18,237

14,988

18,160

18,231

14,931

Sample size

     

 Country-level

19

19

19

19

19

 Neighbourhood-level

7,054

7,052

7,054

7,054

7,052

 Individual-level

31,270

31,255

31,270

31,270

31,255

  1. OR odds ratio, CrI credible interval, MOR median odds ratio, VPC variance partition coefficient, DIC Bayesian Deviance Information Criteria
  2. aModel 1 – empty null model, baseline model without any explanatory variables (unconditional model)
  3. bModel 2 – adjusted for only individual-level factors
  4. cModel 3 – adjusted for only neighbourhood-level factors
  5. dModel 4 – adjusted for only country-level factors
  6. eModel 5 – adjusted for individual-, neighbourhood-, and country-level factors (full model)
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