Does cost sharing do more harm or more good? - a systematic literature review

Table 5 Kakwani index of progressivity in selected publications

		Group		Kakwani index			Ability to pay		Reference
		Group	Year	OOP	Private health insurance	Total healthcare financing	Household expenditures	Disposable income	Reference
1	Canada	1	2001 (non seniors)	−0.373	−0.100			x	[10]
			2001 (seniors)	−0.299	NA
			2004 (non seniors)	−0.253
			2004 (seniors)	−0.078
			2004	−0.195	−0.099	−0.087
2,3	China Heilongjiang province		2002 (urban)	0.088	NA			x
			2002 (rural)	0.075
			2007 (urban)	−0.020
			2007 (rural)	0.027
	China Gansu province		2002 (urban)	0.0455	0.0854	0.0431	x		[18]
			2002 (rural)	0.0448	0.0810	0.0148
			2007 (urban)	0.0488	0.0089	0.0351
			2007 (rural)	0.0086	0.2534	−0.0226
4	Columbia		1984	−0.009	NA		x	x	[14]
4	Columbia		1997	0.003	NA		x	x	[14]
5	Iran		1984 (urban)	0.455	NA		x		[19]
			1984 (rural)	0.443
			2010 (urban)	0.446
			2010 (rural)	0.417
6	Thailand		2000	−0.150	−0.362	−0.004		x	[12]
			2002	−0.076	−0.391	0.001
			2004	−0.076	−0.323	0.034
			2006	−0.045		0.041
7,8	Turkey		2003	−0.147	NA			x	[15]
			2006	−0.152				x	[15]
			2003	0.079			x		[16]
			2006	0.009
			2009	−0.028
9	Vietnam		Insured (1999)	from (−0.244) to (−0.065)	NA		x		[13]
9	Vietnam		Uninsured (1999)	from (−0.242) to (−0.173)	NA		x		[13]
10	Czech Republic	2	2007	−0.084	NA		x		[22]
			2008	−0.125
			2009	−0.114
11	Estonia		2000	−0.300	NA	0.032	x		[20]
11	Estonia		2007	−0.379	NA	0.005	x		[20]
12	Hungary		2005	−0.220	NA			x	[21]
			2006	−0.224
			2007	−0.220
			2008	−0.215
13	Slovakia		2001	−0.170	NA	0.020		x	[11]
13	Slovakia		2005	−0.210	NA	−0.010		x	[11]
14	Bulgaria	3	1995	−0.320	NA	−0.258	x		[23]
14	Bulgaria		2001	−0.396	NA	−0.316	x		[23]
15	France		2001	0.043	−0.248	NA	x		[25]
15	France		2004	0.046	−0.254	NA	x		[25]
16	Ireland		1987/1988	−0.010	0.080	NA		x	[24]
			1999/2000	−0.100	0.060
			2004/2005	−0.108	−0.032