|
Children involved in the study
|
%
|
43.4
|
23.3
|
33.3
|
100.0
|
|
BLL above 5 μg/dl
|
%
|
72.5
|
83.8
|
52.8
|
68.6
|
|
GM of BLL
|
Mean ± SD
|
6.4 ± 3.1
|
6.8 ± 3.2
|
5.1 ± 2.4
|
6.0 ± 3.0
|
|
Range
|
3.5–24.0
|
3.6–15.5
|
1.6–11.7
|
1.6–24.0
|
|
Caregivers’ age
|
Mean ± SD
|
31.8 ± 8.43
|
32.14 ± 7.23
|
33.06 ± 8.17
|
32.3 ± 8.1
|
|
Caregiver’s education: higher versus lower
|
Higher %
|
18.8
|
24.3
|
35.85
|
25.8
|
|
Caregivers’ marital status: married versus widowed
|
Married %
|
97.1
|
94.6
|
96.2
|
96.2
|
|
Caregivers’ employment status
|
Employed %
|
21.7
|
10.8
|
35.6
|
23.9
|
|
Children’s sex
|
Female %
|
46.4
|
48.6
|
48.1
|
47.5
|
|
Child’s age in years
|
Mean ± SD
|
5.2 ± 0.76
|
5.51 ± 0.83
|
5.35 ± 0.99
|
5.3 ± 0.9
|
|
Child nutrition % score
|
Mean ± SD
|
50.96 ± 15.64
|
49.22 ± 13.75
|
49.53 ± 15.56
|
50.0 ± 15.1
|
|
Stunting in children
|
Yes %
|
9.4
|
19.4
|
10.6
|
12.2
|
|
Child plays with soil in yards, play grounds or gardens in warm seasons
|
Yes %
|
79.1
|
75.7
|
69.2
|
75.0
|
|
Hours spent in yards, playgrounds or gardens daily in warm season
|
Mean ± SD
|
3.3 ± 2.8
|
4.1 ± 2.9
|
2.6 ± 2.8
|
3.3 ± 2.8
|
|
Frequency of child washing hands after coming home: always versus not always
|
Always %
|
89.9
|
66.7
|
90.4
|
84.7
|
|
Frequency of child washing hands before eating: always versus not always
|
Always %
|
67.6
|
56.8
|
63.5
|
63.7
|
|
Child’s behavior of biting nails
|
Yes %
|
17.4
|
21.6
|
13.5
|
17.1
|
|
Child’s hygiene score
|
Mean ± SD
|
1.74 ± 0.68
|
1.44 ± 0.84
|
1.67 ± 0.59
|
1.7 ± 0.7
|
|
Household living standard % score
|
Mean ± SD
|
35.9 ± 13.3
|
30.4
|
40.7 ± 14.3
|
36.3 ± 14.3
|
|
Household size
|
Mean ± SD
|
4.97 ± 1.14
|
5.03 ± 1.46
|
5.51 ± 1.40
|
5.2 ± 1.3
|
|
Housing typeb: flat or house
|
Flat %
|
89.9
|
70.3
|
45.3
|
70.4
|
|
Housing floorb: first versus higher floor
|
First floor %
|
34.8
|
56.8
|
58.5
|
47.8
|
|
Type of windows: new versus old
|
New %
|
13.0
|
18.9
|
41.5
|
23.9
|
|
Daily mean duration of opening the windows in summer -in hours
|
Mean ± SD
|
14.80 ± 6.11
|
17.76 ± 7.35
|
19.12 ± 7.50
|
16.9 ± 7.1
|
|
Having carpet on the floor
|
Always %
|
56.5
|
54.1
|
50.9
|
54.1
|
|
Seasonal %
|
34.8
|
29.7
|
34
|
33.3
|
|
Never %
|
8.7
|
16.2
|
15.1
|
12.6
|
|
Duration of occupying the current flat/house in years
|
Mean ± SD
|
8.7 ± 8.6
|
7.9 ± 7.4
|
9.5 ± 8.5
|
8.8 ± 8.3
|
|
Number of current smokers in the family
|
Mean ± SD
|
1.1 ± 0.6
|
0.9 ± 0.6
|
1.3 ± 0.8
|
1.1 ± 0.7
|
|
Smoking in the presence of the child
|
Yes %
|
55.9
|
85.7
|
76.1
|
69.2
|
|
Having a family member working in a processing facility, mine or smelter compared to not having any
|
Yes %
|
29.0
|
58.3
|
0
|
25.9
|
|
Number of family members working in a processing facility, mine or smelter
|
Mean ± SD
|
0.4 ± 0.6
|
0.6 ± 0.6
|
0 ± 0
|
0.3 ± 0.5
|
|
Caregiver’s knowledge % score
|
Mean ± SD
|
53.6 ± 17.7
|
58.8 ± 19.1
|
42.2 ± 18.1
|
52.3 ± 18.6
|
|
Frequency of parents changing clothes/shoes before coming from processing facility, mine or smelter
|
Always %
|
85.0
|
71.4
|
100
|
78.0
|
|
Not always %
|
15.0
|
28.6
|
0
|
22.0
|
|
Household hygiene % score
|
Mean ± SD
|
67.4 ± 13.1
|
68.4 ± 13.7
|
74.6 ± 12.9
|
70.4 ± 13.5
|
|
Frequency of furniture dustingc: daily versus less than daily
|
Daily %
|
92.6
|
83.8
|
98.1
|
92.4
|
|
Housing distance from the toxic source(s)
|
Closer %
|
59.4
|
56.8
|
64.2
|
60.4
|
|
Farther %
|
40.6
|
43.2
|
35.8
|
39.6
|
|
Midpoint distance from the toxic source
|
Closer
|
640
|
846
|
3 516
| |
|
(meters)
|
Farther
|
1 318d
|
849d
|
5 493
| |
