Variables | %, mean, range, SD | Alaverdi (SSa = 69) | Akhtala (SS = 37) | Yerevan (SS = 53) | Total (SS = 159) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children involved in the study | % | 43.4 | 23.3 | 33.3 | 100.0 |
BLL above 5 μg/dl | % | 72.5 | 83.8 | 52.8 | 68.6 |
GM of BLL | Mean ± SD | 6.4 ± 3.1 | 6.8 ± 3.2 | 5.1 ± 2.4 | 6.0 ± 3.0 |
Range | 3.5–24.0 | 3.6–15.5 | 1.6–11.7 | 1.6–24.0 | |
Caregivers’ age | Mean ± SD | 31.8 ± 8.43 | 32.14 ± 7.23 | 33.06 ± 8.17 | 32.3 ± 8.1 |
Caregiver’s education: higher versus lower | Higher % | 18.8 | 24.3 | 35.85 | 25.8 |
Caregivers’ marital status: married versus widowed | Married % | 97.1 | 94.6 | 96.2 | 96.2 |
Caregivers’ employment status | Employed % | 21.7 | 10.8 | 35.6 | 23.9 |
Children’s sex | Female % | 46.4 | 48.6 | 48.1 | 47.5 |
Child’s age in years | Mean ± SD | 5.2 ± 0.76 | 5.51 ± 0.83 | 5.35 ± 0.99 | 5.3 ± 0.9 |
Child nutrition % score | Mean ± SD | 50.96 ± 15.64 | 49.22 ± 13.75 | 49.53 ± 15.56 | 50.0 ± 15.1 |
Stunting in children | Yes % | 9.4 | 19.4 | 10.6 | 12.2 |
Child plays with soil in yards, play grounds or gardens in warm seasons | Yes % | 79.1 | 75.7 | 69.2 | 75.0 |
Hours spent in yards, playgrounds or gardens daily in warm season | Mean ± SD | 3.3 ± 2.8 | 4.1 ± 2.9 | 2.6 ± 2.8 | 3.3 ± 2.8 |
Frequency of child washing hands after coming home: always versus not always | Always % | 89.9 | 66.7 | 90.4 | 84.7 |
Frequency of child washing hands before eating: always versus not always | Always % | 67.6 | 56.8 | 63.5 | 63.7 |
Child’s behavior of biting nails | Yes % | 17.4 | 21.6 | 13.5 | 17.1 |
Child’s hygiene score | Mean ± SD | 1.74 ± 0.68 | 1.44 ± 0.84 | 1.67 ± 0.59 | 1.7 ± 0.7 |
Household living standard % score | Mean ± SD | 35.9 ± 13.3 | 30.4 | 40.7 ± 14.3 | 36.3 ± 14.3 |
Household size | Mean ± SD | 4.97 ± 1.14 | 5.03 ± 1.46 | 5.51 ± 1.40 | 5.2 ± 1.3 |
Housing typeb: flat or house | Flat % | 89.9 | 70.3 | 45.3 | 70.4 |
Housing floorb: first versus higher floor | First floor % | 34.8 | 56.8 | 58.5 | 47.8 |
Type of windows: new versus old | New % | 13.0 | 18.9 | 41.5 | 23.9 |
Daily mean duration of opening the windows in summer -in hours | Mean ± SD | 14.80 ± 6.11 | 17.76 ± 7.35 | 19.12 ± 7.50 | 16.9 ± 7.1 |
Having carpet on the floor | Always % | 56.5 | 54.1 | 50.9 | 54.1 |
Seasonal % | 34.8 | 29.7 | 34 | 33.3 | |
Never % | 8.7 | 16.2 | 15.1 | 12.6 | |
Duration of occupying the current flat/house in years | Mean ± SD | 8.7 ± 8.6 | 7.9 ± 7.4 | 9.5 ± 8.5 | 8.8 ± 8.3 |
Number of current smokers in the family | Mean ± SD | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.7 |
Smoking in the presence of the child | Yes % | 55.9 | 85.7 | 76.1 | 69.2 |
Having a family member working in a processing facility, mine or smelter compared to not having any | Yes % | 29.0 | 58.3 | 0 | 25.9 |
Number of family members working in a processing facility, mine or smelter | Mean ± SD | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 0 ± 0 | 0.3 ± 0.5 |
Caregiver’s knowledge % score | Mean ± SD | 53.6 ± 17.7 | 58.8 ± 19.1 | 42.2 ± 18.1 | 52.3 ± 18.6 |
Frequency of parents changing clothes/shoes before coming from processing facility, mine or smelter | Always % | 85.0 | 71.4 | 100 | 78.0 |
Not always % | 15.0 | 28.6 | 0 | 22.0 | |
Household hygiene % score | Mean ± SD | 67.4 ± 13.1 | 68.4 ± 13.7 | 74.6 ± 12.9 | 70.4 ± 13.5 |
Frequency of furniture dustingc: daily versus less than daily | Daily % | 92.6 | 83.8 | 98.1 | 92.4 |
Housing distance from the toxic source(s) | Closer % | 59.4 | 56.8 | 64.2 | 60.4 |
Farther % | 40.6 | 43.2 | 35.8 | 39.6 | |
Midpoint distance from the toxic source | Closer | 640 | 846 | 3 516 | |
(meters) | Farther | 1 318d | 849d | 5 493 |