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Table 1 Characteristics of the participants included in the study by site

From: The social patterning of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in five countries: evidence from the modeling the epidemiologic transition study (METS)

 

Total

Ghana

South Africa

Jamaica

Seychelles

USA

P a

N

2180

441

485

368

438

448

 

GNPb ($)

 

1′260

6′100

4′550

10′270

48′960

 

HDIcd

 

0.621

0.540

0.727

0.799

0.934

 

World bank income classd

 

Lower middle income

Upper middle income

Upper middle income

High income

High income

 

Women, N (%)

1209 (55.5)

265 (60.1)

257 (53.0)

227 (61.8)

229 (52.3)

231 (51.6)

=0.004

Age, mean (SD)

34.7 (6.2)

34.5 (6.6)

33.3 (5.8)

34.5 (6.2)

36.0 (5.6)

35.4 (6.3)

=0.009

Educational level, N (%)

      

<0.001

 Tertiary

163 (7.5)

16 (3.6)

22 (4.5)

25 (6.8)

29 (6.6)

71 (15.8)

 

 Secondary

1106 (50.7)

190 (42.9)

398 (82.1)

84 (22.8)

117 (26.7)

318 (71.0)

 

 Lower than secondary

911 (41.8)

237 (53.5)

65 (13.4)

259 (70.4)

292 (66.7)

59 (13.2)

 

Wealth tertiles, N (%)

      

<0.001

 High

557 (26.5)

146 (33.0)

162 (32.9)

91 (24.7)

112 (25.6)

67 (15.0)

 

 Middle

691 (31.7)

141 (31.8)

150 (33.4)

101 (27.5)

161 (36.8)

139 (31.0)

 

 Low

912 (41.8)

156 (35.2)

173 (31.0)

176 (47.8)

165 (37.7)

242 (54.0)

 

Smoking, N (%)

571 (26.2)

11 (2.5)

167 (34.4)

92 (25.0)

91 (20.8)

210 (46.9)

<0.001

Physically active, N (%)

853 (39.1)

219 (49.4)

233 (48.1)

107 (29.1)

179 (40.9)

115 (25.7)

<0.001

Obese, N (%)

665 (30.5)

46 (10.4)

156 (32.2)

115 (31.3)

110 (25.1)

238 (53.1)

<0.001

Hypertensive, N (%)

290 (13.3)

20 (4.5)

96 (19.8)

25 (6.8)

53 (12.1)

96 (21.4)

<0.001

High cholesterol, N (%)

336 (15.4)

55 (12.4)

52 (10.7)

46 (12.5)

71 (16.2)

112 (25.0)

<0.001

Elevated blood glucose, N (%)

686 (31.5)

NA

44 (9.1)

74 (20.1)

168 (38.4)

184 (41.1)

<0.001

  1. ap value for difference across sites
  2. bGross National Income per capita in US dollars ($)
  3. cHuman Development Index (2010)
  4. dHDI and world income class are reported for the country from which the five populations are drawn, but these indexes may be different for the specific communities sampled in METS