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Table 3 Associations between family benefitsa (2009/2010), percentage change in family benefitsa (2005/2006–2009/2010) and psychological health complaints (HBSC 2009/2010)

From: Adolescents’ psychological health during the economic recession: does public spending buffer health inequalities among young people?

 

Empty model (M1)

Individual variables (M2)

Macro-level variables (M3)

Model with cross-level interactions with gender (M4)

Model with cross-level interactions with FAS (M5)

 

OR (95 % CI)

OR (95 % CI)

OR (95 % CI)

OR (95 % CI)

OR (95 % CI)

Individual variables

 Sex (Ref.: boys)

 

1

1

-

1

 Girls

 

1.708***

1.708***

-

1.708***

  

(1.66-1.75)

(1.66-1.75)

-

(1.66-1.75)

 Age (Ref.: 11 years)

 

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

 13 years

 

1.289***

1.289***

1.289***

1.289***

  

(1.25-1.33)

(1.25-1.33)

(1.25-1.33)

(1.25-1.33)

 15 years

 

1.486***

1.486***

1.486***

1.486***

  

(1.44-1.54)

(1.44-1.54)

(1.44-1.54)

(1.44-1.54)

 Family affluence (Ref.: high)

 

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

 Medium

 

1.129***

1.129***

1.130***

1.129***

  

(1.10-1.17)

(1.10-1.17)

(1.096-1.17)

(1.10-1.17)

 Low

 

1.386***

1.386***

1.387***

1.386***

  

(1.34-1.43)

(1.34-1.43)

(1.34-1.43)

(1.34-1.43)

Macro-level variables

 National wealth in 2009/2010 (GDP pc)

  

1.000 (0.99-1.00)

1.000 (0.99-1.00)

1.000 (0.99-1.00)

 Youth unemployment rate (2009/2010)

  

1.024*** (1.01-1.04)

1.024*** (1.01-1.04)

1.024*** (1.01-1.04)

 Family benefits in 2009/2010

  

1.000

0.999

0.999

   

(0.99-1.00)

(0.99-1.00)

(0.99-1.00)

 relative change in family benefitsa (2005/2006-2009/2010)

  

0.999* (0.98-0.99)

1.001 (0.99-1.01)

0.999* (0.98-0.99)

Cross-level interactions

 Family benefits in 2009/2010 x girls (Ref.: boys)

  

-

1.001*** (1.00-1.01)

-

 relative change in family benefitsa (2005/2006-2009/2010) x girls (Ref.: boys)

  

-

1.001* (1.00-1.02)

-

 Family benefits in 2009/2010 x high FAS (Ref.)

    

1.000

 x medium FAS

   

-

1.000

     

(0.99-1.01)

 x low FAS

   

-

1.000

     

(0.99-1.01)

 relative change in family benefitsa (2005/2006-2009/2010) x high FAS (Ref.)

    

1.000

 x medium FAS

   

-

1.002**

     

(1.00-1.01)

 x low FAS

   

-

1.004***

     

(1.00-1.01)

Constant

0.261*** (0.23-0.30)

0.136*** (0.12-0.16)

0.136*** (0.12-0.15)

0.136*** (0.12-0.15)

0.136*** (0.12-0.15)

ICC (country-level)

0.0375 = 3.75 %

0.0386 = 3.85 %

0.0247 = 2.47 %

0.0246 = 2,46 %

0.0244 = 2.44 %

N (Individuals)

144,754

144,754

144,754

144,754

144,754

N (Countries)

27

27

27

27

27

  1. Note: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Country-level indicators are centered on the Grand-Mean. a Public expenditures on family benefits were measured per capita in constant prices and constant purchasing power parity (in Euros) (Source: EUROSTAT)