Author, year of publication | Year(s) of study | Intervention strategies | Participants, follow up | Outcome measures | Results | Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aoun & Rosenberg, 2004 [17] | 2000–2001 | 7 week cardiac rehabilitation program | N = 203 patients with current CVD diagnosis, n = 159 controls. Followed up at post program, 3, 6 and 12 months | Self-reported changes in: |  | Cardiac Rehab programs in rural areas are successful in reducing risk factors for IHD and improving quality of life |
-WT | -WT: ↓ 0.5 kg | |||||
-PA (6 min walk test) | (p = 0.004) | |||||
-BP, | -PA: 431.6 m to 469.6 m (p < 0.001) | |||||
-Quality of life scores (QoL) | -BP: NS, p value not reported | |||||
-QoL: 80.69 (15.9) to control 71.6 (18.86) (p = 0.04) | ||||||
Burgess et al., 2015 [22] | 2012–2014 | Cardiac prevention screening services within primary health teams | Aboriginal clients aged 20 years and over, N = 2586 identified as high risk. Followed up every 3 months for two years | Achievement of target (not compared to baseline for significance): | Achieved target post program: | This type of program is a feasible way of reducing IHD risk factors in rural indigenous populations |
-BP | -BP: 57Â % | |||||
-TC | -TC : 40Â % | |||||
No control group | -% Stopped smoking | -Stopped smoking: 50Â % | ||||
Carrington and Stewart, 2015 [18] | 2009–2010 | Nurse-led screening and education program | N = 530, pre/post follow up design, no control group. Followed up at 6 months | Mean change in | -BP diastolic: ↓ 4 mmHg Systolic: ↓ 1 mmHg | Feasibility of a nurse-led screening and intervention was shown for a rural population |
-BP | ||||||
-TC | ||||||
-WT (kg) | -TC: ↓ 0.6 mmol/L | |||||
-BMI | ||||||
-WT: ↓ 1.0 kg | ||||||
-BMI: ↓ 0.3mkg2 | ||||||
Higginbotham et al., 1999 [19] | 1980–1990s (exact years not specified) | Whole community intervention | N = 359, no control group, but rates compared to nearby region | Change in | Intervention area: | Whole community interventions can have multiple positive impacts in rural communities and possibly reduce IHD burden if implemented with consideration of community needs and subgroups |
-IHD Mortality (age standardised rates (per 100,000)) | Women (35-64y) | |||||
Fatal MI: −14.2 (95 % CI: −26.0, −2.4) | ||||||
9 year data collection phase | -Non-fatal MI rates, | Non-fatal MI: 1.7 (95 % CI: −4.4, 7.9) | ||||
-Case fatality compared to non-intervention region | Men (35-64y) | |||||
Fatal MI: −10.9 (95 % CI: −18.2, −3.6) | ||||||
Non-fatal MI: 3.2 (95 % CI: −0.6, 7.0) | ||||||
Rates declined faster in intervention population compared to than non-intervention region | ||||||
Krass et al., 2003 [20] | Year(s) of intervention not specified | Pharmacy screening and education program | N = 389 adults in regional area, followed up from baseline to 3 months, no control group | From baseline to 3 months: | % Inactive | Community Pharmacies have the potential to increase resource provision in rural areas and can be effective at reducing risk factors for IHD |
Cohort 1 | ||||||
Change in | 57 % to 44 % (p < 0.0001) Cohort 2 | |||||
-BP | ||||||
-TC | ||||||
-% Current smokers | 50 % to 44 % (p = 0.01) | |||||
-% Not meeting PA recommendations | % Smokers = No change | |||||
-% Of people by BMI category | Both Cohorts: | |||||
Mean TC: ↓ 0.26 mmol/L (95 % CI 10–0.42) (p < 0.003). | ||||||
BP: ↓ 10.5 mmHg (95 % CI 4.0-16.9) in mean systolic BP within Cohort 1 (p = 0.012), no difference for cohort 2. | ||||||
BMI = NS (p value NR) | ||||||
Kerr et al., 2008 [23] | Year(s) of intervention not specified | Exercise and cardiovascular monitoring program | N = 164 war veterans, followed up at 3, 6, 12 months | 3 monthly follow up: | 12 months: | This type of program was shown to be effective at reducing risk factors in a high risk, regional population of males |
-Diastolic and systolic BP (mmHg) | Resting HR:↓ 4.0 bmp | |||||
- HR (bpm) | Diastolic BP: ↓ 6.4 mmHg | |||||
Systolic BP: ↓ 8.4 mmHg (p = <0.05). Weight (kg) :NS | ||||||
Ray, 2001 [21] | Year(s) of intervention not specified | Once-off mobile heart screening program | N = 135 adults aged 30–69 years followed p 6 months post intervention | Self-report change in health behaviour after screening | Self-report health behaviours: | Heart risk screening can be a motivator for health behaviour change |
76 = positive change | ||||||
59 = no change | ||||||
Rowley et al., 2000 [24] | 1993–1995 | Lifestyle education program | Aboriginal community participants | Change in risk factors overtime (Intervention group either compared BL or to control): | -no significant change in dietary and physical activity when compared to controls. | Some short term changes were not sustained in metabolic profiles from this intervention, however this program was found to be sustainable for this type of rural community |
N = 32 intervention, | ||||||
N = 17 controls | ||||||
followed up at, 6Â months, 2Â years | -BMI | |||||
 | -Fasting glucose | -BMI: ↓from BL at 6 months (to control: p = 0.012), 12 months: NS (p = NR) | ||||
-Fasting glucose: | Positive changes in awareness and behavioural risk factors were noted | |||||
6 months:↓ 0.9 mmol (intervention to baseline p = 0.021) | ||||||
- Glucose tolerance (oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)) | Intervention to control : NS (p = 0.132) | |||||
−2 h post -OGTT: | ||||||
-plasma insulin | 6 months: ↓ 1.6 mmol/l (p = 0.01 to BL) | |||||
-triglyceride concentration | ||||||
Intervention to control: NS p = 0.154 | ||||||
-Fasting insulin: Intervention to control NS (p = 0.103) | ||||||
-Fasting triglycerides: NS (p = 0.158) |