| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | CI 95Â % | p | OR | CI 95Â % | p | OR | CI 95Â % | p | OR | CI 95Â % | p | OR | CI 95Â % | p | |
Mother’s BMI | |||||||||||||||
 Normal | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Underweight | 0.99 | (0.66–1.48) | 0.946 | 0.97 | (0.64–1.46) | 0.879 | 0.98 | (0.65–1.48) | 0.933 | 1.06 | (0.69–1.62) | 0.804 | 1.05 | (0.68–1.60) | 0.838 |
 Overweight | 1.54 | (1.25–1.90) | <0.001 | 1.55 | (1.25–1.91) | <0.001 | 1.51 | (1.22–1.87) | <0.001 | 1.38 | (1.10–1.72) | 0.005 | 1.37 | (1.10–1.71) | 0.005 |
 Obese | 2.05 | (1.36–3.08) | <0.001 | 2.05 | (1.36–3.09) | <0.001 | 2.06 | (1.36–3.11) | <0.001 | 1.43 | (0.92–2.22) | 0.116 | 1.39 | (0.89–2.18) | 0.145 |
Mother’s education level | |||||||||||||||
 Left school at 15 or later | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Left school before 14 | 1.38 | (1.10–1.73) | 0.006 | 1.37 | (1.09–1.72) | 0.007 | 1.29 | (1.02–1.63) | 0.037 | 1.32 | (1.04–1.69) | 0.024 | 1.31 | (1.03–1.68) | 0.029 |
Father’s social class at birth | |||||||||||||||
 Non-manual | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Manual | 1.53 | (1.22–1.94) | <0.001 | 1.52 | (1.20–1.92) | <0.001 | 1.43 | (1.13–1.82) | 0.003 | 1.36 | (1.06–1.75) | 0.015 | 1.33 | (1.04–1.71) | 0.026 |
Overcrowding | |||||||||||||||
  > 1.5 personne/chambre | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
  < =1.5 personne/chambre | 1.07 | (0.82–1.40) | 0.593 | 1.08 | (0.83–1.40) | 0.586 | 1.09 | (0.84–1.43) | 0.508 | 1.11 | (0.84–1.47) | 0.469 | 1.12 | (0.84–1.48) | 0.444 |
Birthweight | |||||||||||||||
 Q1 - Low weight | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Q2 | 0.78 | (0.60–1.00) | 0.049 | 0.77 | (0.60–1.00) | 0.048 | 0.79 | (0.62–1.03) | 0.078 | 0.80 | (0.61–1.04) | 0.090 | 0.79 | (0.61–1.03) | 0.088 |
 Q3 | 0.77 | (0.59–1.00) | 0.049 | 0.77 | (0.59–1.00) | 0.050 | 0.80 | (0.61–1.04) | 0.095 | 0.78 | (0.59–1.02) | 0.072 | 0.78 | (0.59–1.03) | 0.082 |
 Q4 - High weight | 0.81 | (0.61–1.06) | 0.122 | 0.81 | (0.61–1.06) | 0.122 | 0.84 | (0.64–1.11) | 0.220 | 0.79 | (0.60–1.05) | 0.111 | 0.79 | (0.60–1.05) | 0.110 |
Mother smoked during pregnancy | |||||||||||||||
 No | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Sometimes | 1.60 | (1.14–2.24) | 0.007 | 1.59 | (1.13–2.23) | 0.008 | 1.51 | (1.07–2.14) | 0.019 | 1.45 | (1.01–2.08) | 0.043 | 1.41 | (0.98–2.02) | 0.061 |
 Moderately | 1.24 | (0.97–1.59) | 0.081 | 1.24 | (0.97–1.59) | 0.082 | 1.23 | (0.96–1.58) | 0.104 | 1.16 | (0.89–1.51) | 0.260 | 1.15 | (0.88–1.49) | 0.306 |
 Heavily | 1.43 | (1.09–1.86) | 0.009 | 1.42 | (1.09–1.86) | 0.010 | 1.35 | (1.03–1.77) | 0.030 | 1.22 | (0.92–1.63) | 0.174 | 1.23 | (0.92–1.63) | 0.162 |
Mother’s age at birth | |||||||||||||||
 23 years or less | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 24 to 27 years | 0.64 | (0.50–0.81) | <0.001 | 0.64 | (0.50–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.67 | (0.52–0.85) | 0.001 | 0.69 | (0.54–0.90) | 0.005 | 0.69 | (0.54–0.90) | 0.005 |
 28 to 31 years | 0.72 | (0.55–0.94) | 0.016 | 0.73 | (0.56–0.95) | 0.021 | 0.77 | (0.58–1.01) | 0.058 | 0.82 | (0.62–1.08) | 0.163 | 0.83 | (0.62–1.10) | 0.190 |
 32 years or more | 0.73 | (0.55–0.96) | 0.023 | 0.73 | (0.55–0.96) | 0.027 | 0.79 | (0.59–1.05) | 0.103 | 0.82 | (0.61–1.11) | 0.195 | 0.83 | (0.62–1.12) | 0.220 |
Breastfed | |||||||||||||||
 No | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Yes, for less than 1 month | 1.00 | (0.78–1.27) | 0.983 | 1.01 | (0.79–1.28) | 0.966 | 1.02 | (0.80–1.30) | 0.895 | 1.01 | (0.78–1.30) | 0.965 | 1.01 | (0.78–1.30) | 0.969 |
 Yes, more than 1 month | 1.10 | (0.89–1.36) | 0.386 | 1.11 | (0.90–1.38) | 0.330 | 1.15 | (0.92–1.42) | 0.212 | 1.15 | (0.92–1.43) | 0.231 | 1.16 | (0.93–1.45) | 0.194 |
Parity | |||||||||||||||
 Oldest child | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 2nd child | 0.88 | (0.71–1.10) | 0.260 | 0.88 | (0.70–1.09) | 0.239 | 0.86 | (0.68–1.07) | 0.180 | 0.89 | (0.70–1.12) | 0.309 | 0.88 | (0.70–1.12) | 0.300 |
 3rd child or more | 0.87 | (0.68–1.11) | 0.273 | 0.86 | (0.67–1.10) | 0.227 | 0.80 | (0.62–1.04) | 0.097 | 0.83 | (0.63–1.08) | 0.158 | 0.81 | (0.62–1.06) | 0.133 |
Gestational age | |||||||||||||||
 38 weeks or less | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 39 to 41 weeks | 0.83 | (0.59–1.15) | 0.266 | 0.84 | (0.60–1.17) | 0.294 | 0.83 | (0.59–1.16) | 0.277 | 0.88 | (0.62–1.23) | 0.449 | 0.87 | (0.62–1.23) | 0.435 |
 42 weeks or more | 0.89 | (0.62–1.26) | 0.505 | 0.89 | (0.63–1.27) | 0.527 | 0.88 | (0.61–1.26) | 0.482 | 0.91 | (0.63–1.32) | 0.629 | 0.91 | (0.63–1.31) | 0.616 |
Type of delivery | |||||||||||||||
 Vaginal | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Emergency caesarean | 1.79 | (0.91–3.52) | 0.092 | 1.81 | (0.92–3.56) | 0.087 | 1.85 | (0.93–3.65) | 0.078 | 1.74 | (0.85–3.56) | 0.128 | 1.79 | (0.87–3.66) | 0.112 |
 Elective caesarean | 0.92 | (0.37–2.31) | 0.865 | 0.93 | (0.37–2.32) | 0.875 | 0.97 | (0.39–2.44) | 0.956 | 0.93 | (0.36–2.37) | 0.875 | 0.94 | (0.37–2.40) | 0.894 |
Adverse childhood experiences | |||||||||||||||
 None |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 One |  |  |  | 1.19 | (0.96–1.48) | 0.106 | 1.15 | (0.93–1.43) | 0.194 | 1.15 | (0.92–1.44) | 0.222 | 1.12 | (0.90–1.41) | 0.314 |
 Two or more |  |  |  | 1.07 | (0.76–1.52) | 0.695 | 1.01 | (0.71–1.45) | 0.942 | 0.96 | (0.66–1.39) | 0.836 | 0.94 | (0.65–1.36) | 0.735 |
Smoking status at 23 | |||||||||||||||
 Non-smoker |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Former smoker |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.81 | (0.64–1.04) | 0.097 | 0.83 | (0.64–1.07) | 0.155 | 0.83 | (0.64–1.08) | 0.173 |
 Smoker - Less than 10 cig. |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.92 | (0.65–1.30) | 0.628 | 0.95 | (0.67–1.36) | 0.797 | 0.95 | (0.66–1.35) | 0.763 |
 Smoker - 10 to 19 cig. |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.88 | (0.65–1.19) | 0.409 | 0.97 | (0.71–1.33) | 0.860 | 0.94 | (0.69–1.28) | 0.694 |
 Smoker - More than 20 cig. |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.08 | (0.81–1.44) | 0.602 | 1.14 | (0.85–1.53) | 0.393 | 1.09 | (0.81–1.47) | 0.555 |
Alcohol consumption at 23 | |||||||||||||||
 Moderate |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Abstainers |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.98 | (0.79–1.21) | 0.846 | 0.91 | (0.73–1.13) | 0.384 | 0.87 | (0.70–1.09) | 0.230 |
 Heavy drinkers |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.80 | (0.58–1.10) | 0.174 | 0.75 | (0.54–1.04) | 0.089 | 0.75 | (0.54–1.05) | 0.093 |
Physical activity at 23 | |||||||||||||||
 Physically active |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Moderately active |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.84 | (0.60–1.18) | 0.309 | 0.83 | (0.58–1.17) | 0.281 | 0.83 | (0.59–1.18) | 0.306 |
 Inactive |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.18 | (0.93–1.50) | 0.167 | 1.12 | (0.88–1.44) | 0.354 | 1.10 | (0.85–1.41) | 0.472 |
Malaise inventory at 23 | |||||||||||||||
 No |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Yes |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.25 | (0.91–1.72) | 0.161 | 1.19 | (0.86–1.66) | 0.300 | 1.17 | (0.84–1.64) | 0.346 |
Education level at 23 | |||||||||||||||
 Passed A levels |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Passed O levels |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.11 | (0.84–1.46) | 0.455 | 1.05 | (0.79–1.40) | 0.723 | 1.01 | (0.76–1.35) | 0.950 |
 No qualifications |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.23 | (0.90–1.69) | 0.191 | 1.08 | (0.78–1.50) | 0.632 | 0.97 | (0.69–1.37) | 0.869 |
BMI at 23 | |||||||||||||||
 Normal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Underweight |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.41 | (0.22–0.74) | 0.003 | 0.41 | (0.23–0.75) | 0.004 |
 Overweight |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.71 | (2.08–3.52) | <0.001 | 2.63 | (2.02–3.44) | <0.001 |
 Obese |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7.82 | (4.63–13.21) | <0.001 | 7.41 | (4.39–12.51) | <0.001 |
Occupational social class at 33 | |||||||||||||||
 Non-manual |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Manual |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.09 | (0.85–1.40) | 0.487 |
Wealth at 33 | |||||||||||||||
 Not owner |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Owner - Q1 (Low price) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.95 | (0.71 - 1.27) | 0.722 |
 Owner - Q2 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.83 | (0.61–1.13) | 0.240 |
 Owner - Q3 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.74 | (0.54–1.03) | 0.072 |
 Owner - Q4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.72 | (0.50–1.03) | 0.076 |
Marital status at 33 | |||||||||||||||
 Couple |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |
 Single |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.92 | (0.64–1.32) | 0.646 |
 Divorced or widowed |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.06 | (0.75–1.52) | 0.728 |