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Table 4 Odds of having metabolic syndrome. Lifecourse multivariate logistic regression models using data from multiple imputations. Women (N = 3347)

From: The early life nutritional environment and early life stress as potential pathways towards the metabolic syndrome in mid-life? A lifecourse analysis using the 1958 British Birth cohort

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

OR

CI 95 %

p

OR

CI 95 %

p

OR

CI 95 %

p

OR

CI 95 %

p

OR

CI 95 %

p

Mother’s BMI

 Normal

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Underweight

0.99

(0.66–1.48)

0.946

0.97

(0.64–1.46)

0.879

0.98

(0.65–1.48)

0.933

1.06

(0.69–1.62)

0.804

1.05

(0.68–1.60)

0.838

 Overweight

1.54

(1.25–1.90)

<0.001

1.55

(1.25–1.91)

<0.001

1.51

(1.22–1.87)

<0.001

1.38

(1.10–1.72)

0.005

1.37

(1.10–1.71)

0.005

 Obese

2.05

(1.36–3.08)

<0.001

2.05

(1.36–3.09)

<0.001

2.06

(1.36–3.11)

<0.001

1.43

(0.92–2.22)

0.116

1.39

(0.89–2.18)

0.145

Mother’s education level

 Left school at 15 or later

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Left school before 14

1.38

(1.10–1.73)

0.006

1.37

(1.09–1.72)

0.007

1.29

(1.02–1.63)

0.037

1.32

(1.04–1.69)

0.024

1.31

(1.03–1.68)

0.029

Father’s social class at birth

 Non-manual

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Manual

1.53

(1.22–1.94)

<0.001

1.52

(1.20–1.92)

<0.001

1.43

(1.13–1.82)

0.003

1.36

(1.06–1.75)

0.015

1.33

(1.04–1.71)

0.026

Overcrowding

  > 1.5 personne/chambre

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

  < =1.5 personne/chambre

1.07

(0.82–1.40)

0.593

1.08

(0.83–1.40)

0.586

1.09

(0.84–1.43)

0.508

1.11

(0.84–1.47)

0.469

1.12

(0.84–1.48)

0.444

Birthweight

 Q1 - Low weight

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Q2

0.78

(0.60–1.00)

0.049

0.77

(0.60–1.00)

0.048

0.79

(0.62–1.03)

0.078

0.80

(0.61–1.04)

0.090

0.79

(0.61–1.03)

0.088

 Q3

0.77

(0.59–1.00)

0.049

0.77

(0.59–1.00)

0.050

0.80

(0.61–1.04)

0.095

0.78

(0.59–1.02)

0.072

0.78

(0.59–1.03)

0.082

 Q4 - High weight

0.81

(0.61–1.06)

0.122

0.81

(0.61–1.06)

0.122

0.84

(0.64–1.11)

0.220

0.79

(0.60–1.05)

0.111

0.79

(0.60–1.05)

0.110

Mother smoked during pregnancy

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Sometimes

1.60

(1.14–2.24)

0.007

1.59

(1.13–2.23)

0.008

1.51

(1.07–2.14)

0.019

1.45

(1.01–2.08)

0.043

1.41

(0.98–2.02)

0.061

 Moderately

1.24

(0.97–1.59)

0.081

1.24

(0.97–1.59)

0.082

1.23

(0.96–1.58)

0.104

1.16

(0.89–1.51)

0.260

1.15

(0.88–1.49)

0.306

 Heavily

1.43

(1.09–1.86)

0.009

1.42

(1.09–1.86)

0.010

1.35

(1.03–1.77)

0.030

1.22

(0.92–1.63)

0.174

1.23

(0.92–1.63)

0.162

Mother’s age at birth

 23 years or less

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 24 to 27 years

0.64

(0.50–0.81)

<0.001

0.64

(0.50–0.82)

<0.001

0.67

(0.52–0.85)

0.001

0.69

(0.54–0.90)

0.005

0.69

(0.54–0.90)

0.005

 28 to 31 years

0.72

(0.55–0.94)

0.016

0.73

(0.56–0.95)

0.021

0.77

(0.58–1.01)

0.058

0.82

(0.62–1.08)

0.163

0.83

(0.62–1.10)

0.190

 32 years or more

0.73

(0.55–0.96)

0.023

0.73

(0.55–0.96)

0.027

0.79

(0.59–1.05)

0.103

0.82

(0.61–1.11)

0.195

0.83

(0.62–1.12)

0.220

Breastfed

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes, for less than 1 month

1.00

(0.78–1.27)

0.983

1.01

(0.79–1.28)

0.966

1.02

(0.80–1.30)

0.895

1.01

(0.78–1.30)

0.965

1.01

(0.78–1.30)

0.969

 Yes, more than 1 month

1.10

(0.89–1.36)

0.386

1.11

(0.90–1.38)

0.330

1.15

(0.92–1.42)

0.212

1.15

(0.92–1.43)

0.231

1.16

(0.93–1.45)

0.194

Parity

 Oldest child

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 2nd child

0.88

(0.71–1.10)

0.260

0.88

(0.70–1.09)

0.239

0.86

(0.68–1.07)

0.180

0.89

(0.70–1.12)

0.309

0.88

(0.70–1.12)

0.300

 3rd child or more

0.87

(0.68–1.11)

0.273

0.86

(0.67–1.10)

0.227

0.80

(0.62–1.04)

0.097

0.83

(0.63–1.08)

0.158

0.81

(0.62–1.06)

0.133

Gestational age

 38 weeks or less

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 39 to 41 weeks

0.83

(0.59–1.15)

0.266

0.84

(0.60–1.17)

0.294

0.83

(0.59–1.16)

0.277

0.88

(0.62–1.23)

0.449

0.87

(0.62–1.23)

0.435

 42 weeks or more

0.89

(0.62–1.26)

0.505

0.89

(0.63–1.27)

0.527

0.88

(0.61–1.26)

0.482

0.91

(0.63–1.32)

0.629

0.91

(0.63–1.31)

0.616

Type of delivery

 Vaginal

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Emergency caesarean

1.79

(0.91–3.52)

0.092

1.81

(0.92–3.56)

0.087

1.85

(0.93–3.65)

0.078

1.74

(0.85–3.56)

0.128

1.79

(0.87–3.66)

0.112

 Elective caesarean

0.92

(0.37–2.31)

0.865

0.93

(0.37–2.32)

0.875

0.97

(0.39–2.44)

0.956

0.93

(0.36–2.37)

0.875

0.94

(0.37–2.40)

0.894

Adverse childhood experiences

 None

   

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 One

   

1.19

(0.96–1.48)

0.106

1.15

(0.93–1.43)

0.194

1.15

(0.92–1.44)

0.222

1.12

(0.90–1.41)

0.314

 Two or more

   

1.07

(0.76–1.52)

0.695

1.01

(0.71–1.45)

0.942

0.96

(0.66–1.39)

0.836

0.94

(0.65–1.36)

0.735

Smoking status at 23

 Non-smoker

      

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Former smoker

      

0.81

(0.64–1.04)

0.097

0.83

(0.64–1.07)

0.155

0.83

(0.64–1.08)

0.173

 Smoker - Less than 10 cig.

      

0.92

(0.65–1.30)

0.628

0.95

(0.67–1.36)

0.797

0.95

(0.66–1.35)

0.763

 Smoker - 10 to 19 cig.

      

0.88

(0.65–1.19)

0.409

0.97

(0.71–1.33)

0.860

0.94

(0.69–1.28)

0.694

 Smoker - More than 20 cig.

      

1.08

(0.81–1.44)

0.602

1.14

(0.85–1.53)

0.393

1.09

(0.81–1.47)

0.555

Alcohol consumption at 23

 Moderate

      

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Abstainers

      

0.98

(0.79–1.21)

0.846

0.91

(0.73–1.13)

0.384

0.87

(0.70–1.09)

0.230

 Heavy drinkers

      

0.80

(0.58–1.10)

0.174

0.75

(0.54–1.04)

0.089

0.75

(0.54–1.05)

0.093

Physical activity at 23

 Physically active

      

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Moderately active

      

0.84

(0.60–1.18)

0.309

0.83

(0.58–1.17)

0.281

0.83

(0.59–1.18)

0.306

 Inactive

      

1.18

(0.93–1.50)

0.167

1.12

(0.88–1.44)

0.354

1.10

(0.85–1.41)

0.472

Malaise inventory at 23

 No

      

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

      

1.25

(0.91–1.72)

0.161

1.19

(0.86–1.66)

0.300

1.17

(0.84–1.64)

0.346

Education level at 23

 Passed A levels

      

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Passed O levels

      

1.11

(0.84–1.46)

0.455

1.05

(0.79–1.40)

0.723

1.01

(0.76–1.35)

0.950

 No qualifications

      

1.23

(0.90–1.69)

0.191

1.08

(0.78–1.50)

0.632

0.97

(0.69–1.37)

0.869

BMI at 23

 Normal

         

1

  

1

  

 Underweight

         

0.41

(0.22–0.74)

0.003

0.41

(0.23–0.75)

0.004

 Overweight

         

2.71

(2.08–3.52)

<0.001

2.63

(2.02–3.44)

<0.001

 Obese

         

7.82

(4.63–13.21)

<0.001

7.41

(4.39–12.51)

<0.001

Occupational social class at 33

 Non-manual

            

1

  

 Manual

            

1.09

(0.85–1.40)

0.487

Wealth at 33

 Not owner

            

1

  

 Owner - Q1 (Low price)

            

0.95

(0.71 - 1.27)

0.722

 Owner - Q2

            

0.83

(0.61–1.13)

0.240

 Owner - Q3

            

0.74

(0.54–1.03)

0.072

 Owner - Q4

            

0.72

(0.50–1.03)

0.076

Marital status at 33

 Couple

            

1

  

 Single

            

0.92

(0.64–1.32)

0.646

 Divorced or widowed

            

1.06

(0.75–1.52)

0.728

  1. Model 1 included mother’s pre-pregnancy BMI and all variables measured at or around birth; Model 2: Model 1 + ACE; Model 3: Model 2 + potential mediators measured at 23 years except for participants’ BMI at 23 years; Model 4: Model 3 + participant’s BMI at 23 years; Model 5: Full model