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Table 1 Study characteristics by type of intervention

From: Realist review of policy intervention studies aimed at reducing exposures to environmental hazards in the United States

Intervention type

Exposure type

Study

Outcome measures

Measurement type

Study design

Study site

Regulatory (n = 21)

airborne pollutants

Bahadur 2010

black carbon

environmental

interrupted time series

California

Gego 2007

ozone

environmental

interrupted time series

Eastern US

Aleksic 2013

ozone

environmental

interrupted time series

New York

Cheung 2005

particulate matter

environmental

interrupted time series

Los Angeles Basin, CA

Thomas 2013

sulfur

environmental

cross-sectional

Potomac River, WV

Dallman 2011

multiple pollutants

environmental

interrupted time series

Oakland, CA

Bishop 2013

multiple pollutants

environmental

interrupted time series

South Coast Air Basin, CA

Davis 2012

multiple pollutants

environmental

time series cross-sectional

California

Pokharel 2013

multiple pollutants

environmental

time series cross-sectional

multi-city data set (USA)

Lin 2013

respiratory diagnosis

human

time series cross-sectional

New York

Mott 2002

carbon monoxide related deaths

human

interrupted time series

national data set (USA)

lead paint

Brown 2001

blood levels & hard surfaces

human, environmental

retrospective cohort

2 northeastern states (USA)

Galke 2001

blood levels & hard surfaces

human, environmental

interrupted time series

multi-city data set (USA)

Rich 2002

hard surfaces tested

environmental

randomized controlled trial

New Jersey

Breysse 2007

hard surfaces tested

environmental

interrupted time series

Baltimore, MD

water pollution

Lakind 2010

trihalomethane (THM) levels

human

time series cross-sectional

national data set (USA)

Dorsey 2010

fecal indicator bacteria

environmental

interrupted time series

California beaches

Hundal 2014

trace metal concentrations

environmental

interrupted time series

multi-city data set (USA)

Daberkow 2001

nitrate-nitrogen levels

environmental

time series cross-sectional

Central Platte Valley, NE

Kauffman 2011

multiple pollutants

environmental

interrupted time series

Delaware Basin, DE

pesticides

Clune 2012

pesticide levels

human

interrupted time series

national data set (USA)

Educational (n = 2)

lead paint

Aschengrau 1998

blood levels & hard surfaces

human, environmental

non-randomized controlled trial

Boston, MA

water pollution

Postma 2011

well water contaminants

environmental

cross-sectional study

Montana & Washington state

Economic (n = 2)

airborne pollutants

Lu 2012

sulfur dioxide emissions

environmental

time series cross-sectional

national data set (USA)

 

hazardous waste

Eagan 2002

mercury levels

environmental

interrupted time series

Great Lakes region