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Table 3 Factors associated with mental health difficulties – multivariable analysis

From: Primary school students’ mental health in Uganda and its association with school violence, connectedness, and school characteristics: a cross-sectional study

 

MODEL 1a (N = 3,565)

 

MODEL 2b (N = 3,565)

 

OR (95 % CI)

p valuec

OR (95 % CI)

p valuec

Student-level variables (Level 1)

Socio-demographic characteristics

  Age (per 1 year increase)

1.09 (1.02–1.17)

0.014

1.08 (1.01–1.16)

0.024

  Female sex

1.20 (1.01–1.44)

0.043

1.14 (0.95–1.37)

0.159

  Meals eaten yesterday

   3+

1

 

1

 

   2

1.44 (1.19–1.74)

 

1.42 (1.17–1.72)

 

   1 or no meal

1.98 (1.55–2.53)

<0.001

1.91 (1.49–2.45)

<0.001

  School year attended

   Primary 5

1

 

1

 

   Primary 6

0.99 (0.81–1.22)

 

1.00 (0.82–1.23)

 

   Primary 7

0.59 (0.45–0.77)

<0.001

0.60 (0.46–0.78)

<0.001

  Disability

1.53 (1.14–2.06)

0.005

1.49 (1.11–2.01)

0.010

Violence

  Violence school staff past week

1.58 (1.31–1.90)

<0.001

1.56 (1.29–1.88)

<0.001

  Violence school staff >12 months

1.22 (0.94–1.60)

0.136

1.20 (0.92–1.57)

0.179

  Violence peers past week

1.81 (1.47–2.23)

<0.001

1.80 (1.46–2.21)

<0.001

  Violence peers >12 months

1.09 (0.89–1.34)

0.391

1.09 (0.89–1.34)

0.397

  Violence relatives past week

1.70 (1.20–2.41)

0.003

1.67 (1.17–2.37)

0.005

  Violence relatives >12 months

0.97 (0.77–1.22)

0.783

0.94 (0.74–1.19)

0.624

Participation in school life

  Involvement in making up rules

1.40 (1.18–1.67)

<0.001

1.43 (1.20–1.71)

<0.001

  Consideration of students’ views

   All the time

1

 

1

 

   Most of the time

1.27 (1.02–1.57)

 

1.14 (0.91–1.42)

 

   Sometimes

1.12 (0.89–1.41)

 

0.99 (0.78–1.26)

 

   Never

1.33 (0.99–1.77)

0.105

1.12 (0.83–1.51)

0.554

Connectedness

  School connectedness

   High

  

1

 

   Medium

  

1.15 (0.90–1.46)

 

   Low

  

1.43 (1.11–1.83)

0.011

  Connectedness to peers

   All the time

  

1

 

   Most of the time

  

1.12 (0.91–1.39)

 

   Sometimes

  

1.94 (1.55–2.44)

 

   Never

  

1.86 (1.18–2.93)

<0.001

School-level variables (Level 2)

 School size (per 100 students increase)

1.01 (0.89–1.15)

0.862

0.99 (0.88–1.12)

0.908

 School location

    

  Rural

1

 

1

 

  Urban

1.44 (1.05–1.98)

0.026

1.37 (1.01–1.88)

0.051

Random effects

 Between-school variance (SE)

0.1139 (0.0431)

 

0.1102 (0.0425)

 

 Median odds ratio

1.38

 

1.37

 
  1. aVariables included: age, sex, meals eaten yesterday, school year attended, disability, violence school staff past week, violence school staff >12 months, violence peers past week, violence peers >12 months, violence relatives past week, violence relatives >12 months, involvement in making up rules, consideration of students’ views, school size, school location
  2. bVariables included: all variables in MODEL 1 plus school connectedness, connectedness to peers
  3. cLikelihood ratio test