MODEL 1a (N = 3,565) | MODEL 2b (N = 3,565) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95 % CI) | p valuec | OR (95 % CI) | p valuec | |
Student-level variables (Level 1) | ||||
Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
Age (per 1 year increase) | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | 0.014 | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) | 0.024 |
Female sex | 1.20 (1.01–1.44) | 0.043 | 1.14 (0.95–1.37) | 0.159 |
Meals eaten yesterday | ||||
3+ | 1 | 1 | ||
2 | 1.44 (1.19–1.74) | 1.42 (1.17–1.72) | ||
1 or no meal | 1.98 (1.55–2.53) | <0.001 | 1.91 (1.49–2.45) | <0.001 |
School year attended | ||||
Primary 5 | 1 | 1 | ||
Primary 6 | 0.99 (0.81–1.22) | 1.00 (0.82–1.23) | ||
Primary 7 | 0.59 (0.45–0.77) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.46–0.78) | <0.001 |
Disability | 1.53 (1.14–2.06) | 0.005 | 1.49 (1.11–2.01) | 0.010 |
Violence | ||||
Violence school staff past week | 1.58 (1.31–1.90) | <0.001 | 1.56 (1.29–1.88) | <0.001 |
Violence school staff >12 months | 1.22 (0.94–1.60) | 0.136 | 1.20 (0.92–1.57) | 0.179 |
Violence peers past week | 1.81 (1.47–2.23) | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.46–2.21) | <0.001 |
Violence peers >12 months | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 0.391 | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 0.397 |
Violence relatives past week | 1.70 (1.20–2.41) | 0.003 | 1.67 (1.17–2.37) | 0.005 |
Violence relatives >12 months | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 0.783 | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) | 0.624 |
Participation in school life | ||||
Involvement in making up rules | 1.40 (1.18–1.67) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.20–1.71) | <0.001 |
Consideration of students’ views | ||||
All the time | 1 | 1 | ||
Most of the time | 1.27 (1.02–1.57) | 1.14 (0.91–1.42) | ||
Sometimes | 1.12 (0.89–1.41) | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) | ||
Never | 1.33 (0.99–1.77) | 0.105 | 1.12 (0.83–1.51) | 0.554 |
Connectedness | ||||
School connectedness | ||||
High | 1 | |||
Medium | 1.15 (0.90–1.46) | |||
Low | 1.43 (1.11–1.83) | 0.011 | ||
Connectedness to peers | ||||
All the time | 1 | |||
Most of the time | 1.12 (0.91–1.39) | |||
Sometimes | 1.94 (1.55–2.44) | |||
Never | 1.86 (1.18–2.93) | <0.001 | ||
School-level variables (Level 2) | ||||
School size (per 100 students increase) | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 0.862 | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 0.908 |
School location | ||||
Rural | 1 | 1 | ||
Urban | 1.44 (1.05–1.98) | 0.026 | 1.37 (1.01–1.88) | 0.051 |
Random effects | ||||
Between-school variance (SE) | 0.1139 (0.0431) | 0.1102 (0.0425) | ||
Median odds ratio | 1.38 | 1.37 |