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Table 3 Risk factors for total stunting in children aged 0-23 months
| Factors | Stunted (%) | N | Unadjusted (bivariate) | Adjusted (multivariate) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | (95 % CI) | P | OR | (95 % CI) | P | ||||
| Sex | Boys | 30.9 | 689 | 1.29 | (0.99 - 1.68) | 0.06 | 1.45 | (1.11 - 1.90) | 0.007 |
| Girls | 25.8 | 677 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Age of child | 12 - 23 months | 37.7 | 716 | 4.00 | (2.72 - 5.87) | < 0.001 | 4.40 | (2.97 - 6.53) | < 0.001 |
| 6-11 months | 22.6 | 341 | 1.91 | (1.27 - 2.88) | 1.97 | (1.30 - 2.99) | |||
| 0-5 months | 13.3 | 309 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Breastfeeding within one hour of birth | No | 30.1 | 438 | 1.14 | (0.87 - 1.50) | 0.34 | |||
| Yes | 27.6 | 928 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Age-appropriate feeding | No | 31.3 | 812 | 1.39 | (1.09 - 1.77) | 0.008 | |||
| Yes | 24.2 | 554 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Mother’s age | ≥ 40 years | 28.3 | 92 | 1.26 | (0.61 - 2.63) | 0.79 | |||
| 30-39 years | 29.3 | 516 | 1.38 | (0.73 - 2.60) | |||||
| 20-29 years | 28.1 | 704 | 1.29 | (0.70 - 2.37) | |||||
| < 20 years | 24.1 | 54 | |||||||
| Mother’s education | No or incomplete primary | 43.4 | 196 | 2.53 | (1.77 - 3.62) | <0.001 | |||
| Completed primary | 31.0 | 229 | 1.48 | (1.04 - 2.12) | |||||
| Completed junior high | 27.6 | 333 | 1.28 | (0.96 - 1.72) | |||||
| Completed senior high | 23.0 | 608 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Number of household members | > 4 | 28.9 | 816 | 1.03 | (0.83 - 1.29) | 0.77 | |||
| ≤ 4 | 27.6 | 550 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Wealth quintile | Lowest | 40.1 | 294 | 2.84 | (1.84 - 4.40) | < 0.001 | 2.30 | (1.43 - 3.68) | 0.004 |
| Second | 31.0 | 277 | 1.89 | (1.33 - 2.70) | 1.85 | (1.26 - 2.72) | |||
| Third | 27.1 | 273 | 1.56 | (1.06 - 2.30) | 1.68 | (1.11 - 2.55) | |||
| Fourth | 23.0 | 256 | 1.26 | (0.83 - 1.91) | 1.31 | (0.85 - 2.04) | |||
| Highest | 19.2 | 266 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Sanitation | Unimproved | 35.3 | 532 | 1.71 | (1.37 - 2.15) | <0.001 | 1.27 | (0.99 - 1.63) | 0.06 |
| Improved | 24.0 | 834 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Safe disposal of child’s faeces | Unsafe | 29.6 | 773 | 1.10 | (0.87 - 1.40) | 0.41 | |||
| Safe | 26.8 | 593 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Use of soap for hand washing | Not use soap | 31.6 | 611 | 1.29 | (1.00 - 1.67) | 0.05 | |||
| Use soap | 25.8 | 755 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Water source | Unimproved | 27.3 | 935 | 0.86 | (0.67 - 1.10) | 0.23 | |||
| Improved | 30.9 | 431 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Water treatment | Untreated | 38.2 | 136 | 1.59 | (1.08 - 2.34) | 0.019 | 0.89 | (0.49 - 1.61) | 0.70 |
| Treated | 27.3 | 1230 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Number of ANC visits of mother during pregnancy | < 4 | 40.7 | 91 | 1.70 | (1.12 - 2.60) | 0.013 | |||
| ≥ 4 | 27.5 | 1275 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Doctor/midwife provided ANC to mother during pregnancy | No | 45.3 | 64 | 2.07 | (1.29 - 3.33) | 0.003 | |||
| Yes | 27.6 | 1302 | 1.00 | ||||||
| ANC in private or public health facility | No | 45.8 | 48 | 2.12 | (1.16 - 3.87) | 0.014 | |||
| Yes | 27.8 | 1318 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Mother participates in decisions on HH food purchases | Yes | 28.8 | 1211 | 1.21 | (0.78 - 1.87) | 0.39 | |||
| No | 25.2 | 155 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Mother participates in decisions on what food is cooked for HH | Yes | 29.2 | 1223 | 1.50 | (0.95 - 2.38) | 0.08 | |||
| No | 21.7 | 143 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Mother participates in decisions on food given to child | Yes | 28.5 | 1300 | 1.18 | (0.61 - 2.27) | 0.63 | |||
| No | 25.8 | 66 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Mother participates in decisions on seeking health care for child | Yes | 28.7 | 1180 | 1.13 | (0.79 - 1.61) | 0.50 | |||
| No | 26.3 | 186 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Sanitation x water treatment | 2.81 | (1.32 - 5.97) | 0.007 | ||||||
