Table 1 Components and scoring of the Healthy Food Intake Index (HFII) validated among Finnish pregnant women at high risk of gestational diabetes

1. Limit:

 Beverages and foods with

Snacks

candy, chocolate, pastries,

≤4 x / wk

2

tertiles

 added sugar or salt

chips, ice cream

5–6 x / wk

1

≥1 x / d

0

Sugar-sweetened

sugar-sweetened soft drink

<1 x / wk

1

median

beverages

and sugar-sweetened juice

≥1 x / wk

0

Fast food

hamburgers ja pizza

<1 x / wk

1

median

≥1 x / wk

0

 Processed and red meat

-

 Alcohol

-

2. Exchange:

 Refined cereals to

High-fiber grains

dark bread, brown rice and

≥3 x / d

2

FNR + CP

  → whole grain cereals

pasta, porridge

1–2 x / d

1

<1 x / d

 Butter to

Cooking fat

vegetable oil/margarine

1

NNR

  → vegetable oils

/liquid margarine/no fat

butter, butter-oil mix

0

/baking margarine

 Butter based

Fat spread

margarine, low-fat margarine

2

NNR

 bread fat spreads to

sterol margarine, or if

1

  → oil-based fat

options from more than

 spreads

butter or butter-oil-mix/no spread

0

/no spread

 High-fat dairy to

Low-fat cheese

fat percentage ≤17 %

1

NNR

  → low-fat dairy

fat percentage >17 % / no cheese

0

Low-fat milk

only low-fat milk (≤1 % fat)

2

NNR

both low-fat and full fat milk

1

full fat milk or no milk at all

0

3. Increase:

 Vegetables, fruits,

Vegetables

vegetables, legumes

>2 x / d

2

FNR + CP

 and berries

1–2 x / d

1

<1 x / d

0

Fruits and berries

≥1 x/d

1

FNR + CP

<1 x / d

0

 Fish and seafood

Fish

≥1 x / wk

2

FNR + CP

<1 x / wk

0

 Nuts and seeds

-

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