Adaptation and standardization of a Western tool for assessing child development in non-Western low-income context

Abessa, Teklu Gemechu; Worku, Berhanu Nigussie; Kibebew, Mekitie Wondafrash; Valy, Jan; Lemmens, Johan; Thijs, Herbert; Yimer, Wondwosen Kasahun; Kolsteren, Patrick; Granitzer, Marita

doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3288-2

Table 3 The Denver II-Jimma with its age norms (in months) for 25, 50, 75 and 90 % of children passing the test items within the different domains

From: Adaptation and standardization of a Western tool for assessing child development in non-Western low-income context

Item code	Item label	25 %	50 %	75 %	90 %	Item code	Item label	25 %	50 %	75 %	90 %
Item code	Personal social domain					Item code	Fine motor domain
PS1	Regard face	birth^b	birth^b,d	birth^b,d	birth^b,d	FM1	Follow to midline	birth^b	0.1^f	0.1^e	0.2^e
PS2	Smile responsively	0.8	1.1^f	1.3^d	1.6^d	FM2	Follow past midline	1.3	1.5^f	2.2^e	2.7^d
PS3	Smile spontaneously	1.1	1.4^e	1.6^f	1.9^e	FM3	Grasp rattle	2.4	3.0^d	3.6^d	4.1^d
PS4	Regard own hand	1.6	1.,8^e	3.2^e	4.1^d	FM4	Hands together	2.5	3.1^f	3.7^f	4.3^d
PS5	Work for toy	3.1	4.5^d	6.0^f	7.6^f	FM5	Follow 180°	3.1	3.7^f	4.3^f	4.9^d
PS6	Feed self ^a	4.0	5.9^d	8.2^f	10.5^f	FM6	Regard coffee bean ^a	4.1	4.5^f	5.0^f	5.4^d
PS7	Play clapping game ^a	6.9	8.1^e	9.4^d	10.6^d	FM7	Reaches	4.2	4.7^d	5.2^d	5.6^d
PS8	Indicate wants	6.1	8.1^e	10.1^d	12.2^d	FM8	Look for yarn	4.9	5.4^d	6.0^d	6.6^d
PS9	Wave bye-bye/Say good-bye ^a	8.2	10.0^f	11.8^f	13.6^d	FM9	Rake coffee bean ^a	5.3	5.9^d	6.4^d	6.9^d
PS10	Play ball with examiner	10.4	12.,2^f	14.0^f	15.8^d	FM10	Pass cube	6.2	7.4^f	8.5^f	9.7^f
PS11	Imitate activities ^a	9.7	11.6^d	13.4^d	15.2^d	FM11	Take 2 cubes	5.8	6.9^f	8.2^f	9.5^d
PS12	Drink from cup or glass ^a	9.7	11.8^d	13.9^d	16.0^d	FM12	Thumb-finger grasp ^a	6.5	7.5^d	8.7^d	9.9
PS13	Help in house	12.9	15.9^f	18.4^f	20.9^f	FM13	Bang 2 cubes held in hands	7.4	9.3^f	11.3^f	13.3^f
PS14	Eats using spoon/fork/fingers ^a	11.7	14.5^d	17.2^d	20.0	FM14	Put block in cup	8.7	10.2^d	11.7^d	13.1^d
PS15	Remove garment ^a	15.5	20.4^f	24.5^f	28.6^f	FM15	Scribbles ^a	10.7	13.4^d	16.0^d	18.6^f
PS16	Feed doll ^a	14.4	19.5^f	24.5^f	29.7^f	FM16	Dump coffee bean, demonstrated ^a	10.9	13.5^d	16.0^d	18.5^d
PS17	Put on clothing ^a	25.3	31.8^f	38.1^f	44.5^f	FM17	Tower of 2 cubes	12.6	15.6^d	18.3^d	21.0^d
PS18	Wash mouth with help ^a	20.4	24.8^f	29.1^d	33.4^d	FM18	Tower of 4 cubes	16.4	19.3^d	22.2^d	25.1^d
PS19	Wash and dry hands ^a	22.9	27.4^f	32.4^f	37.4^d	FM19	Tower of 6 cubes	19.7	23.1^d	26.6^d	30.1^d
PS20	Name playmate ^a	22.8	28,3^d	33.4^d	38.6^d	FM20	Imitate vertical line	25.9	32.4^f	37.7^f	43.0^f
PS21	Put on t-shirt ^a	34.2	40.8^f	47.3^f	53.8^f	FM21	Tower of 8 cubes	22.1	29.4^f	35.0^d	40.6^d
PS22	Dress, no help ^a	43.9	50.5^f	57.0^f	63.5^f	FM22	Thumb wiggle	27.0	32.8^d	38.4^d	44.2^d
PS23	Play social games ^a	31.8	41.6^f	51.2^d	60.9^d	FM23	Copy ^a O	38.7	43.1^d	47.3^d	51.6^d
PS24	Clean face, no help ^a	37.9	46.8^f	55.5^d	64.4^d	FM24	Draw person—3 parts ^a	44.0	48.2^d	52.3^d	56.4^d
PS25	Serve oneself *injera* ^a	31.7	46.5^d	61.2^f	76.0^d	FM25	Copy^a +	33.8	40.4^d	46.9^d	53.4^d
PS26	Toilet-going^c	60.1	70.4^d	80.6^d	90.8^d	FM26	Pick longer line	33.8	40.4^d	46.9^d	53.4^e
						FM27	Copy □ demonstrated	45.7	51.8^d	57.7^d	63.6^d
						FM28	Draw person—6 parts^a	52.4	57.5^d	62.4^d	67.4^d
						FM29	Copy^a□	52.3	58.2^d	64.0^d	69.8^d
	Language domain						Gross motor domain
LA1	Respond to bell	birth^b	birth^b,d	birth^b,d	birth^b,d	GM1	Equal movement	birth^b	birth^b,d	birth^b,d	birth^b,d
LA2	Vocalizes	birth^b	birth^b,d	0.3^f	1.0^f	GM2	Lift head	birth^b	0.1^f	0.4^f	0.7^f
LA3	“Ooo”/ Aah	1.4	1.5^f	1.6^d	1.6^e	GM3	Head up 45°	1.6	2.4^f	2.3^f	2.6^d
LA4	Laugh	2.0	2.2^f	2.5^d	2.7^e	GM4	Head up 90°	2.9	3.2^f	3.6^f	3.9^d
LA5	Squeals	2.2	2.5^f	2.8^d	3.2^e	GM5	Sit head steady	3.0	3.3^f	3.6^f	3.9^d
LA6	Turn to rattling sound	3.7	4.3^f	4.8^d	5.4^d	GM6	Bear weight on legs	3.1	3.4^f	3.6^d	3.8^e
LA7	Turn to voice	4.5	5.2^f	5.8^d	6.5^d	GM7	Chest up-arm support	3.9	4.3^f	4.6^f	4.9^d
LA8	Single syllables	4.6	5.5^d	6.3^d	7.1^d	GM8	Roll over	3.8	4.4^f	4.9^f	5.4^d
LA9	Imitate speech sounds	5.2	6.5^f	7.8^f	9.1^d	GM9	Pull to sit, no head lag	4,4	4.9^f	5.5^f	6.0^d
LA10	Dada/Baba/Mama, non-specific	5.7	6.7^d	7.8^d	8.8^d	GM10	Sit, no support	5,4	6.0^d	6.6^d	7.3^d
LA11	Combine syllables	6.2	7.5^f	8.8^f	10.1^d	GM11	Stand, holding on	6,5	7.3^d	8.3^d	9.3^d
LA12	Jabbers	7.0	8.5^f	10.0^f	11.5^d	GM12	Pull to stand	7,2	8.0^d	8.9^d	9.9^d
LA13	Dada/Mama/baba, specific	8.8	10.2^f	11.6^d	12.9^d	GM13	Get to sitting	7,4	8.3^d	9.2^d	10.1^d
LA14	One word	10.1	11.9^d	13.6^d	15.3^d	GM14	Stand 2 s	8,6	9.7^d	10.7^d	11.6^d
LA15	2 words	11.5	13.8^f	15.9^d	18.0^d	GM15	Stand alone	9,8	11.3^d	12.3^d	13.4^d
LA16	3 words	13,5	15.6^f	17.7^f	19.8^d	GM16	Stoop and recover	11,6	13.2^d	14.8^f	16.4^f
LA17	6 words	16,5	19.1^f	21.8^f	24.4^f	GM17	Walk well	11,3	13.1^d	14.9^f	16.7^f
LA18	Point 2 pictures	20,8	24.0^f	27.2^f	30.3^f	GM18	Walk backwards	11,9	14.9^d	17.4^f	19.9^f
LA19	Combine words	18,7	21.3^d	23.9^d	26.4^d	GM19	Runs	14,4	16.6^d	18.9^d	21.2^d
LA20	Name 1 picture	20,1	23.2^f	26.2^f	29.3^d	GM20	Walk up steps ^a	13,9	16.9^d	19.6^d	22.3^d
LA21	Body parts 6 ^a	20,3	23.0^f	25.6^f	28.2^d	GM21	Kick ball forward	14,2	17.6^d	21.0^d	24.4^d
LA22	Point 4 pictures	25,9	31.0^f	35.9^f	40.9^f	GM22	Jump up	24.0	27.0^f	31.0^f	35.0^f
LA23	Speech, half understandable	20,5	24.2^f	27.8^d	31.5^e	GM23	Throw ball overhand	16.9	22.1^d	27.2^f	32.4^d
LA24	Name 4 pictures	27,6	32.5^f	37.3^f	42.1^f	GM24	Broad jump	31.7	35.6^d	39.3^f	43.1^f
LA25	Know 2 actions	24,5	29.5^d	34.4^d	39.4^d	GM25	Balance each foot 1 s	23.4	28.9^d	33.0^d	37.1^d
LA26	Know 2 adjectives	30,9	35.1^d	39.1^d	43.3^d	GM26	Balance each foot 2 s	23.9	31.2^e	36.4^e	41.6^e
LA27	Name 1 color ^a	40,3	45.1^d	49.8^f	54.6^f	GM27	Hops	31.9	38.5^d	45.0^d	51.5^d
LA28	Use of 2 objects ^a	30,4	35.6^f	40.7^d	45.8^d	GM28	Balance each foot 3 s	29.8	36.1^d	42.2^e	48.4^e
LA29	Count 1 block	36,6	41.9^d	47.0^f	52.2^f	GM29	Balance each foot 4 s	33.8	40.0^e	46.0^e	52.1^e
LA30	Use of 3 objects ^a	32,3	37.5^d	42.7^d	47.8^d	GM30	Balance each foot 5 s	39.2	44.8^e	50.2^e	55.8^e
LA31	Know 4 actions	32,4	38.5^e	44.4^f	50.4^d	GM31	Heel-to-toe walk	49.1	55.5^d	61.8^d	68.1^d
LA32	Speech all understandable	28,4	36.3^f	44.0^f	51.8^d	GM32	Balance each foot 6 s	41.8	47.9^e	53.8^e	59.7^e
LA33	Understand 4 prepositions	30,8	37.5^d	44.0^d	50.7^e
LA34	Name 4 colors ^a	51,9	56.8^f	61.5^f	66.3^f
LA35	Define 5 words ^a	47,4	54.3^f	61.0^d	67.8^d
LA36	Know 3 adjectives	34,5	40.6^d	46.5^d	52.5^e
LA37	Count 5 blocks ^a	49,0	54.3^d	59.4^d	64.6^d
LA38	Opposites-2	48,5	54.0^d	59.2^d	64.5^d
LA39	Define 7 words ^a	59,1	66.8^f	74.2^f	81.8^f

PS personal social, FM fine motor-adaptive, LA language, GM gross motor items
^aAdapted test items (written in bold)
^bThe child is able to perform or pass the task soon after birth
^cNewly added test item removed at final consensus meeting
^dItem achieved at no significantly different ages it is achieved in Denver II (achieved at similar age)
^eItem achieved at a significantly earlier age than the age it is achieved in Denver II (achieved at earlier age)
^fItem achieved at a significantly later age than the age it is achieved in Denver II (achieved at later age)

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