Table 4 Prevalence of hypertension by gender and by selected metabolic- and behaviour determinants and their associations (Odds Ratio (OR)) with hypertension among 15–64 year old citizens of Myanmar

BMI

 Underweight

569

115 (20.1)

0.66 (0.52–0.84)

0,001

0.63 (0.49–0.82)

0,001

736

118 (16.0)

0.55 (0.52–0.83)

<0.001

0.56 (0.44–0.72)

<0.001

 Normal weight

1764

487 (27.6)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

2344

581 (24.8)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

 Overweight

479

245 (51.2)

2.55 (2.05–3.16)

<0.001

2.63 (2.08–3.33)

<0.001

1304

611 (46.9)

2.36 (2.03–2.76)

<0.001

2.31 (1.97–2.72)

<0.001

WC

 Normal

2774

819 (29.5)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

3765

967 (25.7)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

 Male ≥102 cm, female ≥88 cm

44

30 (68.2)

3.64 (1.89–7.00)

<0.001

3.4 (1.77–6.78)

<0.001

617

344 (55.8)

2.83 (2.36–3.4)

<0.001

2.71 (2.23–3.3)

<0.001

Smoking status

 Never smoker

1302

358 (27.5)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

3967

1178 (29.7)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

 Current smoker

1270

389 (30.6)

1.05 (0.88–1.26)

0,58

1.03 (0.86–1.23)

0,719

352

99 (28.2)

0.52 (0.4–0.68)

<0.001

0.53 (0.41–0.69)

<0.001

 Former smoker

270

108 (40)

1.25 (0.94–1.67)

0,121

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

0,196

98

39 (39.8)

0.76 (0.5–1.1)

0,206

0.77 (0.5–1.18)

0,23

Smokeless tobacco status

 Never

1268

385 (30.4)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

3678

1095 (29.7)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

 Current

1465

427 (29.2)

1.04 (0.88–1.24)

0,638

1.03 (0.84–1.24)

0,67

724

216 (29.8)

0.78 (0.66–0.95)

0,01

0.77 (0.64–0.93)

0,006

 Former

109

43 (39.5)

1.45 (0.96–2.21)

0,081

1.41 (0.92–2.15)

0,117

15

6 (40.0)

1.17 (0.39–3.5)

0,769

1.1 (0.37–3.28)

0,863

Daily fruit and veg. use

  ≥5 servings

286

77 (26.9)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

401

109 (27.2)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

  <5 servings

2320

703 (30.3)

1.10 (0.83–1.47)

0,506

1.06 (0.8–1.42)

3696

1104 (29.9)

1.11 (0.87–1.42)

0,381

1.13 (0.88–1.45)

0,332

Oil use

 Peanut oil

1184

369 (31.2)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

1873

570 (30.4)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

 Palm oil

534

179 (33.5)

1.11 (0.89–1.40)

0,357

1.11 (0.87–1.41)

0,406

917

293 (32.0)

1.1 0.92–1.32)

0,266

1.15 (0.95–1.4)

0,159

 Mix of peanut and palm oil

326

115 (35.3)

1.09 (0.84–1.43)

0,487

71.08 (0.82–1.43)

0,582

491

160 (32.6)

1.04 (0.83–1.31)

0,693

1.07 (0.85–1.35)

0,543

 Sesame oil

532

118 (22.2)

0.59 (0.46–0.76)

<0.001

0.64 (0.49–0.89)

0,001

730

181 (24.8)

0.71 (0.58–0.87)

0,001

0.75 (0.60–0.94)

0,011

 Other oil

249

71 (28.5)

0.91 (0.67–1.24)

0,562

0.96 (0.7–1.32)

0,803

377

105 (27.9)

0.87 (0.67–1.12)

0,293

0.89 (0.68–1.16)

0,389

Current alcohol drinkers

 Drinkers

891

314 (35.3)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

69

20 (29.0)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

 Non-drinkers

1951

541 (27.7)

0.58 (0.48–0.69)

<0.001

0.57 (0.48–0.69)

<0.001

4348

1296 (29.8)

0.89 (0.52–1.55)

0,707

0.94 (0.53–1.65)

0,817

Vigorous activity at work

 Yes

1167

291 (24.9)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

664

149 (22.4)

1.00 (ref.)

1.00 (ref.)

 No

1673

563 (33.6)

1.36 (1.14–1.62)

<0.001

1.33 (1.11–1.59)

0,002

3751

1167 (31.1)

1.35 (1.10–1.66)

0,003

1.33 (1.07–1.64)

0,009