Fig. 2
Adjusted Predicted Effects of Maternal Smoking on Birth Weight across DA-level Factors. a Socioeconomic Status Index (SESi) b Proportion of Population with Post-secondary Education c Particulate Matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) d Asian Immigrant Density e Rural Residence. Predicted effects on birth weight with 95 % confidence intervals are conditional on model covariates included in Model 3. Black vertical lines represent the frequency distribution of the variable on the x-axis (except Fig. 2e which shows the frequency distribution of cigarettes/day)