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Table 4 Association between selected variables and homebound status according to ICF Checklist degree of disability

From: Prevalence of and factors associated with homebound status among adults in urban and rural Spanish populations

 

No/mild

Moderate/severe

 

Variable

N (%)a

OR (95 % CI)b

N (%)a

OR (95 % CI)b

P c

Population, urban

13 (8)

0.99 (0.49–2.03)

33 (67)

1.75 (0.84–3.65)

0.27

Sex, women

32 (8)

2.83 (1.08–7.43)

94 (67)

3.36 (1.79–6.29)

0.77

Age group, years

    

0.03

 50–64

11 (6)

1 (ref.)

4 (27)

1 (ref.)

 

 65–79

14 (5)

0.66 (0.28–1.55)

35 (52)

3.54 (0.95–13.12)

 

 ≥ 80

12 (12)

1.64 (0.66–4.05)

83 (58)

2.47 (0.71–8.60)

 

Marital status, with spouse

20 (5)

0.64 (0.32–1.30)

54 (52)

1.37 (0.72–2.61)

0.11

Educational level

    

0.13

 Less than primary

18 (9)

1 (ref.)

76 (52)

1 (ref.)

 

 Primary

13 (5)

0.54 (0.25–1.16)

38 (59)

1.52 (0.77–3.00)

 

 Secondary or higher

6 (7)

0.92 (0.33–2.58)

8 (50)

1.68 (0.49–5.82)

 

Living arrangements, alone

7 (7)

0.72 (0.30–1.74)

10 (38)

0.50 (0.19–1.27)

0.57

Tobacco use

    

0.19

 Never smoker

30 (8)

1 (ref.)

101 (63)

1 (ref.)

 

 Ex-smoker

2 (2)

0.33 (0.07–1.46)

19 (35)

0.91 (0.37–2.26)

 

 Current smoker

4 (6)

0.81 (0.22–2.98)

1 (10)

0.17 (0.02–1.58)

 

Alcohol consumption (≥1 standard drink/day)

5 (2)

0.39 (0.14–1.03)

8 (22)

0.37 (0.15–0.93)

0.96

Body mass index (kg/m2)

    

0.23

 <25

6 (6)

1 (ref.)

25 (50)

1 (ref.)

 

 25–29.9

13 (6)

0.96 (0.34–2.69)

31 (48)

0.72 (0.30–1.74)

 

 ≥30

17 (10)

1.81 (0.67–4.89)

32 (50)

0.64 (0.27–1.55)

 

No. of chronic disorders

    

0.18

 0–1

4 (2)

1 (ref.)

12 (44)

1 (ref.)

 

 2–3

22 (8)

4.61 (1.32–16.09)

57 (49)

1.18 (0.39–3.61)

 

 ≥ 4

11 (11)

7.37 (1.25–43.45)

53 (65)

2.56 (0.46–14.15)

 

Cognitive impairment (MEC <24)

3 (14)

2.31 (0.62–8.67)

67 (64)

2.28 (1.23–4.22)

0.99

Dependence in ≥ 1 basic ADL

19 (13)

2.91 (1.43–5.95)

109 (63)

2.94 (1.31–6.58)

0.99

Nursing services

23 (6)

0.71 (0.33–1.54)

92 (57)

1.30 (0.67–2.51)

0.23

Visit, primary care physician

32 (7)

1.62 (0.55–4.75)

85 (53)

0.77 (0.39–1.51)

0.25

Visit, specialist physician

29 (10)

3.60 (1.53–8.46)

55 (56)

1.13 (0.61–2.11)

0.03

Hospital admissions

1 (4)

0.95 (0.12–7.62)

22 (73)

4.00 (1.40–11.41)

0.23

Rehabilitation services

4 (9)

1.30 (0.43–3.90)

7 (41)

0.80 (0.23–2.71)

0.56

Use of a caregiver

8 (15)

2.83 (1.18–6.81)

101 (59)

1.93 (0.94–3.94)

0.50

Self-rated health, less than good (≤50)

24 (9)

3.45 (1.43–8.35)

54 (60)

3.17 (1.17–8.59)

0.90

Depressive symptoms (EURO-D ≥4)

20 (13)

3.52 (1.68–7.34)

40 (61)

2.42 (1.18–4.94)

0.47

Pain

    

0.21

 None/mild

6 (2)

1 (ref.)

40 (40)

1 (ref.)

 

 Moderate

25 (9)

4.41 (1.65–11.80)

54 (59)

1.53 (0.78–3.00)

 

 Severe

6 (18)

11.5 (3.17–41.3)

19 (76)

4.24 (1.39–12.94)

 

Hypertension

16 (6)

0.77 (0.38–1.54)

56 (49)

0.71 (0.38–1.33)

0.88

Ischaemic heart disease

2 (5)

0.93 (0.21–4.15)

15 (50)

0.89 (0.35–2.24)

0.96

Arrhythmias

1 (2)

0.21 (0.03–1.58)

28 (61)

1.32 (0.61–2.87)

0.09

Heart failure

2 (17)

2.07 (0.43–9.87)

7 (54)

1.02 (0.28–3.72)

0.49

Cerebrovascular disease

2 (6)

0.95 (0.21–4.23)

31 (58)

1.64 (0.77–3.48)

0.53

Peripheral arterial disease

0 (0)

d

2 (33)

0.48 (0.07–3.15)

 

COPD

1 (3)

0.52 (0.06–4.10)

19 (63)

2.36 (0.97–5.75)

0.19

Asthma

0 (0)

d

6 (55)

0.82 (0.20–3.41)

 

Diabetes

10 (12)

2.47 (1.12–5.48)

31 (65)

1.92 (0.89–4.14)

0.65

Thyroid diseases

5 (9)

1.24 (0.46–3.37)

10 (56)

0.59 (0.19–1.80)

0.33

Chronic renal failure

3 (33)

5.21 (1.18–23.02)

11 (55)

1.39 (0.49–3.97)

0.15

Chronic liver disease

1 (20)

3.31 (0.34–32.15)

0 (0)

d

 

Anaemia

1 (5)

0.85 (0.11–6.63)

5 (38)

0.43 (0.12–1.53)

0.58

Cancer

1 (4)

0.71 (0.09–5.56)

9 (64)

3.28 (0.84–12.85)

0.22

Anxiety disorder

4 (7)

0.96 (0.32–2.89)

4 (31)

0.26 (0.07–0.93)

0.13

Depression

14 (15)

2.85 (1.36–5.95)

29 (60)

1.15 (0.56–2.37)

0.08

Dementia

0 (0)

d

26 (60)

0.68 (0.29–1.59)

 

Neurodegenerative diseases and dystrophiese

2 (33)

16.6 (2.64–105.0)

5 (45)

0.96 (0.23–4.05)

0.02

Severe mental disease

0 (0)

d

4 (67)

1.48 (0.21–10.51)

 

Arthritis or arthrosis

29 (10)

3.10 (1.37–7.02)

61 (56)

0.99 (0.54–1.82)

0.03

Hip fracture

1 (20)

3.51 (0.36–34.05)

6 (75)

1.76 (0.23–13.33)

0.66

Visual impairment

2 (9)

1.67 (0.36–7.76)

24 (73)

3.23 (1.30–7.98)

0.47

Audition impairment

0 (0)

d

16 (62)

2.20 (0.82–5.86)

 

Urinary incontinence

3 (14)

1.75 (0.47–6.44)

13 (62)

0.72 (0.27–1.94)

0.29

  1. ADL activities of daily living, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CI confidence interval, ICF international classification of functioning, MEC Miniexamen cognoscitivo, OR odds ratio, WHODAS World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule
  2. aNumber and percentage of homebound cases
  3. bOdds ratios calculated by means of logistic regression models that included interaction terms between the dichotomous variable “disability” (in the Activities & Participation domain of the ICF Checklist) and the study variables. The models also included sex, age group, area (rural/urban), and number of years of formal schooling (except in educational level), chronic disorders (excluding index disease), and cognitive impairment (yes/no) except in dementia
  4. cP-value for interaction
  5. dEmpty cells due to lack of subjects in relevant subgroup
  6. eParkinson’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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