Table 2 Association between selected variables and homebound status in a population testing positive to disability screening

All

790 (100)

159 (20)

Population, urban

219 (28)

46 (21)

1.23 (0.80–1.87)

2.36 (1.30–4.29)

Sex, women

519 (66)

126 (24)

2.38 (1.52–3.73)

3.75 (2.10–6.68)

Age group, years

 50–64

210 (27)

15 (7)

1 (ref).

1 (ref).

 65–79

335 (42)

49 (15)

1.93 (1.03–3.60)

0.66 (0.30–1.45)

 ≥80

245 (31)

95 (39)

6.39 (3.44–11.84)

0.63 (0.28–1.43)

Marital status, with spouse

489 (62)

74 (15)

0.81 (0.54–1.22)

0.97 (0.57–1.65)

Educational level

 Less than primary

343 (43)

94 (27)

1 (ref).

1 (ref).

 Primary

344 (44)

51 (15)

0.62 (0.41–0.95)

0.94 (0.54–1.61)

 Secondary or higher

103 (13)

14 (14)

0.95 (0.48–1.90)

1.93 (0.77–4.85)

Living arrangements, alone

129 (16)

17 (13)

0.37 (0.20–0.66)

0.88 (0.45–1.74)

Tobacco use

 Never smoker

532 (68)

131 (25)

1 (ref).

1 (ref).

 Ex-smoker

174 (22)

21 (12)

0.71 (0.36–1.39)

0.79 (0.32–1.93)

 Current smoker

81 (10)

5 (6)

0.54 (0.18–1.65)

0.61 (0.16–2.31)

Alcohol consumption (≥1 standard drink/day)

241 (31)

13 (5)

0.25 (0.13–0.47)

0.56 (0.27–1.16)

Body Mass Index (kg/m²)

 <25

150 (22)

31 (21)

1 (ref).

1 (ref).

 25–29.9

293 (43)

44 (15)

0.75 (0.42–1.32)

0.80 (0.38–1.64)

 ≥30

239 (35)

49 (21)

1.16 (0.66–2.04)

1.01 (0.49–2.06)

Number of chronic disorders

 0–1

225 (29)

16 (7)

1 (ref).

1 (ref).

 2–3

381 (48)

79 (21)

2.40 (1.31–4.41)

2.28 (0.85–6.06)

 ≥4

180 (23)

64 (36)

4.09 (2.13–7.82)

4.32 (0.83–22.50)

Cognitive impairment (MEC <24)

127 (16)

70 (55)

5.56 (3.41–9.09)

0.94 (0.49–1.80)

Disability (WHODAS 12 ≥ 20)

407 (52)

152 (37)

28.2 (12.2–65.4)

6.27 (2.56–15.40)

ICF Checklist disability, moderate/severe

230 (26)

122 (53)

18.2 (10.9–30.2)

10.45 (5.99–18.23)

Dependence in ≥1 basic ADL

317 (40)

128 (40)

6.77 (4.23–10.82)

1.18 (0.65–2.12)

Nursing services

517 (66)

115 (22)

1.04 (0.67–1.63)

0.97 (0.55–1.68)

Visit, primary care physician

613 (78)

117 (19)

0.73 (0.46–1.14)

0.81 (0.44–1.48)

Visit, specialist physician

399 (51)

84 (21)

1.43 (0.96–2.12)

1.76 (1.03–3.00)

Hospital admissions

55 (7)

23 (42)

4.04 (2.05–7.95)

2.98 (1.25–7.11)

Rehabilitation services

62 (8)

11 (18)

1.17 (0.55–2.47)

0.88 (0.35–2.22)

Use of a caregiver

226 (29)

109 (48)

7.40 (4.72–11.6)

0.74 (0.39–1.40)

Self-rated health, less than good (≤50)

343 (56)

78 (24)

4.02 (2.21–7.32)

2.02 (0.99–4.11)

Depressive symptoms (EURO-D ≥4)

226 (30)

60 (26)

2.95 (1.86–4.68)

2.31 (1.34–3.99)

Pain

 No/mild

352 (45)

46 (13)

1 (ref).

1 (ref).

 Moderate

370 (47)

79 (21)

1.78 (1.14–2.77)

2.37 (1.30–4.31)

 Severe

59 (8)

25 (42)

5.91 (2.93–11.9)

3.03 (1.31–7.01)