From: A faecal exposure assessment of farm workers in Accra, Ghana: a cross sectional study
Water quality | N | Median | IQR*** | P1 |
E. coli (Log10/100 ml) | ||||
Dry season | 80 | 5.37 | 3.61, 6.27 | 0.35 |
Rainy season | 80 | 5.73 | 3.48, 6.61 | |
Water sources | ||||
Drain water | 36 | 6.61 | 5.93, 6.81 | <0.001 |
Dug-out | 41 | 3.78 | 3.00, 5.69 | |
Piped water | 3 | 2.65 | 2.65, 3.30 | |
Proximity to garbage | ||||
≤3 m | 59 | 5.90 | 3.70, 6.72 | 0.02 |
>3 m | 21 | 4.57 | 3.00, 5.79 | |
Farm soil parameter | N | Mean (SD*) | 95 % CI** | P2 |
E. coli(Log10/g) | ||||
Dry season | 83 | 2.25 (0.93) | 2.05, 2.46 | 0.93 |
Rainy season | 80 | 2.24 (0.92) | 2.04, 2.45 | |
With manure (both seasons) | ||||
Yes | 128 | 2.34 (0.89) | 2.19, 2.50 | 0.01 |
No | 33 | 1.90 (0.94) | 1.57, 2.23 | |
Irrigated with: | ||||
Drain water | 36 | 2.84 (0.61) | 2.63, 3.04 | <0.001 |
Dug-out | 41 | 1.79 (0.86) | 1.52, 2.06 | |
Piped water | 3 | 1.27 (0.53) | −0.06, 2.59 | |
When irrigated | ||||
≤1 day | 32 | 2.58 (0.90) | 2.26, 2.91 | 0.01 |
Between 1 day – 2 days | 13 | 2.11 (0.83) | 1.61, 2.61 | |
>2 days | 35 | 1.98 (0.90) | 1.67, 2.29 | |
Multivariable analysis | ||||
Exposure | N | Change in mean | 95 % CI** | P3 |
Irrigation water | 160 | 0.41 | 0.30, 0.52 | <0.001 |
Manure | 163 | 0.23 | −0.11, 0.57 | 0.03 |
Seasonality | 160 | 0.97 | 0.11, 1.85 | 0.05 |
Season #irrigation water | 160 | −0.20 | −0.36, -0.04 | <0.001 |