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Table 1 Characteristics of participants by residential areas

From: Health inequalities in hypertension and diabetes management among the poor in urban areas: a population survey analysis in south Korea

 

Male

  

Female

 

Total

Urban

Rural

P-value

Total

Urban

Rural

P-value

 

(n = 7,033,

N = 1.54a)

(n = 5,440,

N = 1.21a)

(n = 1,593,

N = 0.33a)

 

(n = 9,398,

N = 1.61a)

(n = 7,333,

N = 1.26a)

(n = 2,065,

N = 0.35a)

 

Age, years

   

<0.001

   

<0.001

 30–44

41.0 (0.9)

43.7 (1.0)

31.3 (2.1)

 

37.5 (0.8)

40.6 (0.9)

26.1 (1.6)

 

 45–64

44.0 (0.8)

43.4 (0.9)

45.9 (2.1)

 

41.9 (0.7)

42.4 (0.8)

40.4 (1.4)

 

  > 64 years

15.0 (0.5)

12.8 (0.5)

22.8 (1.1)

 

20.6 (0.5)

17.1 (0.5)

33.4 (1.4)

 

BMI, kg/m2

24.2 (0.05)

24.3 (0.1)

23.9 (0.1)

0.01

23.7 (0.05)

23.6 (0.06)

24.2 (0.1)

<0.001

Educational level

   

<0.001

   

<0.001

  ≤ Elementary school

15.2 (0.6)

11.8 (0.6)

27.4 (1.8)

 

31.0 (0.7)

25.2 (0.8)

52.4 (2.3)

 

 Middle/high school

47.5 (0.5)

46.2 (0.9)

52.0 (1.9)

 

44.8 (0.4)

47.0 (0.8)

36.8 (1.8)

 

  ≥ College

37.3 (0.9)

41.9 (1.0)

20.6 (2.0)

 

24.2 (0.7)

27.8 (0.9)

10.8 (1.4)

 

Monthly income (thousand wonb)

   

<0.001

   

<0.001

  ≤ 1000

23.8 (0.8)

20.7 (0.8)

34.8 (1.9)

 

30.3 (0.8)

26.4 (0.8)

44.5 (1.8)

 

 1001–3000

59.4 (0.8)

61.7 (0.9)

50.9 (1.7)

 

54.8 (0.8)

57.7 (0.9)

44.2 (1.7)

 

  > 3000

16.9 (0.7)

17.6 (0.8)

14.3 (1.2)

 

14.9 (0.6)

15.9 (0.7)

11.3 (1.1)

 

Marital status

   

0.719

   

<0.001

 Married

83.6 (0.7)

83.4 (0.8)

84.0 (1.4)

 

76.4 (0.6)

77.7 (0.6)

71.7 (1.5)

 

 othersc

16.4 (0.7)

16.6 (0.8)

16.0 (1.4)

 

23.6 (0.6)

22.3 (0.6)

28.3 (1.5)

 

Smoking status

   

0.524

   

0.067

 Current

46.7 (0.8)

46.5 (0.9)

47.1 (1.3)

 

6.1 (0.3)

6.2 (0.4)

5.8 (0.8)

 

 Ex-smoker

38.0 (0.7)

38.3 (0.8)

36.6 (1.6)

 

5.6 (0.3)

6.0 (0.3)

4.0 (0.6)

 

 Non-smoker

15.4 (0.5)

15.1 (0.6)

16.3 (1.1)

 

88.4 (0.4)

87.8 (0.5)

90.2 (1.0)

 

Alcohol drinkingd

   

<0.001

   

<0.001

 Rarely or never

30.5 (0.7)

29.1 (0.8)

35.9 (1.5)

 

68.2 (0.6)

66.9 (0.7)

73.2 (1.5)

 

  < 1/month

15.4 (0.5)

16.0 (0.6)

13.2 (1.1)

 

15.0 (0.5)

15.2 (0.6)

14.2 (1.2)

 

  ≥ 1/month

54.1 (0.8)

54.9 (0.8)

51.0 (1.8)

 

16.8 (0.5)

17.9 (0.6)

12.6 (1.0)

 

Regular physical

exerciser

48.6 (0.8)

48.7 (0.8)

48.5 (1.8)

0.939

42.7 (0.7)

43.2 (0.7)

41.0 (1.7)

0.261

Medical accessibility

   

0.026

   

<0.001

 No

85.5 (0.6)

86.2 (0.6)

82.8 (1.5)

 

78.5 (0.6)

80.2 (0.6)

72.4 (1.5)

 

 Yes

14.5 (0.6)

13.8 (0.6)

17.2 (1.5)

 

21.5 (0.6)

19.8 (0.6)

27.6 (1.5)

 
    

0.017

   

<0.001

Economic reasons

13.7 (1.3)

14.9 (1.6)

10.2 (2.3)

 

24.6 (1.3)

25.7 (1.6)

21.5 (2.4)

 

Traffic

inconvenience

1.7 (0.6)

0.9 (0.5)

4.2 (1.8)

 

5.4 (0.6)

2.3 (0.5)

13.6 (2.0)

 

Others

84.6 (1.4)

84.3 (1.7)

85.5 (3.1)

 

70.1 (1.4)

72.0 (1.6)

64.9 (2.8)

 
  1. Data are % (standard error [SE]) or mean (standard deviations [SD])
  2. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index
  3. Data are weighted to the residential population of Korea
  4. an: unweighted sample size, N: weighted sample size in millions
  5. bThe exchange rate is approximately 1100 Korean won for 1 US dollar
  6. cIncluding widowed and divorced persons
  7. dThe frequency of high risk drinking, high risk drinking is defined as consuming more than 7 standard drinks per each occasion on average
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