The prevalence of depressive symptoms among fathers and associated risk factors during the first seven years of their child’s life: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study

Table 4 Longitudinal repeated measures mixed effects model showing the associations between predictors and paternal depressive symptoms in the Millennium Cohort Study across all time points ^a

Predictors from all sweeps	Coefficient (95 % CI)^b	p
MCS wave
Wave 1	reference group
Wave 2	-0.49 (-0.61 - -0.37)	<0.001
Wave 3	-0.44 (-0.56 - -0.31)	<0.001
Wave 4	-0.38 (-0.49 - -0.22)	<0.001
Family context factors
Maternal depressive symptoms	0.08 (0.06 - 0.10)	<0.001
Marital conflict	0.84 (0.77 - 0.91)	<0.001
Socioeconomic factors
Paternal education		0.522
No qualifications	reference group
School level, Degree or higher	-0.10 (-0.40 - 0.20)
Ethnic background
White	reference group
Indian, Pakistani, & Bangladeshi	0.56 (0.05 - 1.07)	0.031
Afro-Caribbean & British afro-Caribbean	-0.74 (-1.23 - 0.25)	0.003
Mixed, other	0.76 (-0.01 - 1.53)	0.053
Fathers employment
Employed	reference group
Unemployed	1.13 (0.70 - 1.56)	<0.001
Housing tenure		0.001
Council and private renting, %	reference group
home owner, %	-0.41 (-0.66 - -0.17)
Family income (per £1000 p.a.)	-0.31 (-0.58 - -0.06)	0.022

^a Finite population correction factor could not be fitted onto model, but all other required weights (accounting for clustering, attrition/non-response and oversampling for ethnic minorities/disadvantaged participants) were incorporated
^b Sample size 4766

ISSN: 1471-2458