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Table 3 The associations between predictors and paternal depressive symptoms in the Millennium Cohort Study

From: The prevalence of depressive symptoms among fathers and associated risk factors during the first seven years of their child’s life: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study

Predictors at each sweep

Unadjusteda

Adjustedb

Coefficient (95 % CI)

p

Coefficient (95 % CI)

p

Predictors (Sweep 1 when child 9-months old)

Family context factors

    

Maternal depressive symptoms

0.17 (0.15-0.19)

<0.001

0.11 (0.08 - 0.13)

<0.001

Marital conflict

1.18 (1.18-1.38)

<0.001

1.12 (1.01 – 1.23)

<0.001

Child temperament

-0.05 ( -0.07- 0.03)

<0.001

-0.01 (-0.03- -0.00)

0.097

Child gender

-0.01 (0.13 – 0.04)

0.133

  

Socioeconomic factors

    

Paternal education

 

<0.001

 

0.011

 No qualifications

reference group

   

 School level, Degree or higher

-0.17 (-1.42- -0.92)

 

-0.45 (-0.79- -0.10)

 

Ethnic background

 

0.028

  

 White

reference group

   

 Indian, Pakistani, & Bangladeshi

0.23 ( -0.10- 0.56)

   

 Afro-Caribbean & British afro-Caribbean

-0.80 (-1.46- -0.14)

   

 Mixed, other

0.14 ( -0.42- 0.71)

   

Fathers work status

    

 Employed

reference group

   

 Unemployed

1.94 (1.56-2.32)

<0.001

0.94 (0.41 -1.46)

<0.001

Housing tenure

 

<0.001

 

<0.004

 Council and private renting, %

Reference group

   

 home owner, %

-1.40 (-1.62- -1.18)

 

-0.41 (-0.69- -0.13)

 

Family income (per £1000 p.a.)

-2.53 (-2.98- -2.08)

<0.001

-0.35 (-0.90-0.21)

0.219

Paternal age

-0.40 (-0.55- -0.25)

<0.001

-0.08 (-0.25-0.10)

0.395

Predictors (Sweep 2 when child 3 years old)

Family context factors

    

Maternal depressive symptoms

0.17 (0.14-0.20)

<0.001

0.09 (0.05 -0.12)

<0.001

Marital conflict

1.14 (1.05-1.23)

<0.001

1.06 (0.95-1.17)

<0.001

Child temperament

-0.03 (-0.04- -0.01)

<0.001

-0.01 (-0.02-0.01)

0.321

Child gender

-0.08 (-0.21- 0.06)

0.273

  

Socioeconomic factors

    

Paternal education

 

0.013

  

 No qualifications

reference group

   

 School level, Degree or higher

-0.30 (-0.53- -0.06)

   

Ethnic background

 

<0.001

 

0.017

 White

reference group

   

 Indian, Pakistani, & Bangladeshi

0.80 (0.45-1.15)

 

0.60 (0.03-1.18)

 

 Afro-Caribbean & British afro-Caribbean

-0.26 (-0.89-0.36)

 

-0.50 (-1.71-0.70)

 

 Mixed, other

0.99 (0.34-1.64)

 

0.99 (0.10-1.88)

 

Fathers employment

    

 Employed

reference group

   

 Unemployed

1.81 (1.43-2.19)

<0.001

0.97 (0.48-1.45)

<0.001

Housing tenure

 

<0.001

  

 Council and private renting, %

reference group

  

0.128

 home owner, %

-1.03 (-1.28- -0.78)

 

-0.25 (-0.57- -0.07)

 

Family income (per £1000 p.a.)

-1.20 (-1.51- -0.88)

<0.001

-0.25 (-0.13-0.62)

0.195

Paternal age

-0.18 (-0.31- -0.04)

0.010

  

Predictors (Sweep 3 when child 5 years old)

Family context factors

    

Maternal depressive symptoms

0.17 (0.14-0.20)

<0.001

0.08 (0.04-0.11)

<0.001

Marital conflict

1.20 (1.10-1.30)

<0.001

1.09 (0.96-1.22)

<0.001

Child temperament

-0.02 (-0.04- -0.01)

0.008

-0.00 (-0.02-0.02)

0.987

Child gender

-0.12 (-0.28-0.04)

0.140

  

Socioeconomic factors

    

Paternal education

 

<0.001

 

0.878

 No qualifications

reference group

   

 School level, Degree or higher

-0.99 (-1.34- -0.65)

 

0.03 (-0.37-0.43)

 

Ethnic background

 

<0.001

 

0.001

 White

reference group

   

 Indian, Pakistani, & Bangladeshi

1.01 (0.53-1.49)

 

1 .09 (0.45-1.72)

 

 Afro-Caribbean & British afro-Caribbean

-0.59 (-0.95- -0.23)

 

-0.36 (-1.12-0.40)

 

 Mixed, other

1.62 (0.76-2.47)

 

0.73 (-0.13-1.60)

 

Fathers employment

    

 Employed

reference group

   

 Unemployed

3.01 (2.47-3.56)

<0.001

2.44 (1.66 -3.22)

<0.001

Housing tenure

 

<0.001

 

0.366

 Council and private renting, %

reference group

   

 home owner, %

-1.41 ( -1.65- -1.17)

 

-0.18 (-0.57- 0.21)

 

Family income (per £1000 p.a.)

-2.08 (-2.48- -1.69)

<0.001

-0.68 (-1.12 - -0.24)

0.002

Paternal age

-0.11 (-0.25 - 0 .02)

0.088

  

Predictors (Sweep 4 when child 7 years old)

Family context factors

    

Maternal depressive symptoms

0.18 (0.14-0.22)

<0.001

0.09 (0.04-0.15)

0.001

Marital conflict

1.08 (0.97-1.19)

<0.001

1.00 (0.84-1.15)

<0.001

Child temperament

-0.02 (-0.04- -0.00)

<0.001

-0.00 (-0.02-0.01)

0.713

Child gender

-0.14 (-0.31-0.04)

0.129

  

Socioeconomic factors

    

Paternal education

 

0.019

  

 No qualifications

reference group

   

 School level, Degree or higher

-0.66 (-1.04 - -0.28)

   

Ethnic background

 

0.001

 

0.589

 White

reference group

   

 Indian, Pakistani, & Bangladeshi

1.20 (0.59-1.81)

 

0.32 (-0.37-1.01)

 

 Afro-Caribbean & British afro-Caribbean

-0.01 (-0.68-0.67)

 

-0.19 (-1.20-0.83)

 

 Mixed, other

1.35 (0.15-2.55)

 

0.87 (-0.68-2.43)

 

Fathers employment

    

 Employed

reference group

   

 Unemployed

2.78 (2.20-3.37)

<0.001

2.40 (1.44-3.37)

<0.001

Housing tenure

 

<0.001

 

0.066

 Council and private renting, %

reference group

   

 home owner, %

-1.28 (-1.59- -0.97)

 

-0.40 (-0.83 - -0.03)

 

Family income (per £1000 p.a.)

-2.01 (-2.43- -1.58)

<0.001

-0.61 (-1.10- -0.13)

0.014

Paternal age

-0.10 (-0.26-0.06)

0.229

  
  1. a Sample size ranged from 4612 to 12,396 due to missing data in the variables
  2. b Sample size range was 3833 to 6831