Obesity | Population demographics [75, 76] | Diet [77–80] | Gut microbiota [77–79, 81–97] | Food prices and affordability [98, 117, 123–128] |
Genetics [78, 79, 82, 84, 86, 90, 94, 97–104] | Food environments [76, 100, 102, 104, 119, 126–128] |
Epigenetics [81, 86, 89, 97, 105–109] | Social norms [113, 116, 126, 129–133] |
Western-style diet [83, 84, 89–92, 94, 98, 110–116] | Types of foods available within schools and daycares [76, 100, 125–127, 133–135] |
Age [76, 84, 93, 97, 100, 108, 109, 117, 118] | Health status [79, 117, 124, 125, 131, 135–137] |
Caesarean birth [79, 81, 90, 94, 95] | Sex and gender [76, 79, 84, 100, 109, 117, 127, 128] |
Use of antibiotics [79, 84, 90, 94, 95] | Ethnicity [76, 109, 118, 128] |
Early life feeding [76, 79, 81, 86, 93–95, 97, 98, 100, 102, 107, 108, 116, 117, 119–121] | Culture [101, 117, 128–130, 132, 133, 138, 139] |
Maternal-fetal interaction [81, 89, 95, 98, 104–106, 122] | Globalization and increasing global trade [113, 129, 130] |
The economic environment [113, 123, 124, 129, 132, 133] |
Food marketing and advertising [86, 98, 101, 112, 124–128, 130] |
Inter-personal influences and supports [76, 100, 101, 109, 117, 125, 126, 130, 131, 133, 135, 138, 139] |
Food skills and knowledge [76, 86, 93, 101, 116, 117, 123, 125–127, 130, 138] |
Household/family structure and dynamics [76, 98, 100, 101, 116, 117, 119, 121, 125, 126, 129, 130, 133, 135, 137–140] |
Built environment [86, 98, 113, 123, 127, 132, 133, 135, 138, 139] |
Community dynamics and well-being [76, 100, 123, 133, 137] |
Time and resources needed to eat ‘healthy’ [101, 117, 123, 125, 141–144] |
Infectious foodborne illness | - | Global warming [75, 145–147] | Changes in exposure to infectious diseases [75, 94, 96] | (none) |
Precipitation [75, 145–148] |
Spatial co-existence of people with fauna [145, 147, 149] |
Agricultural intensification [145, 147] |
Dietary contaminants | - | - | (none) | Traditional foods and diet [123, 138, 147] |
The food supply [124, 128, 130, 133, 147] |
Food allergy | - | - | - | (none) |
